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| 1 | |
Edward Shorter, who believes that the Industrial Revolution led to a sexual revolution, argues that |
| | A) | neither context nor values changed. |
| | B) | both context and values changed. |
| | C) | values changed, context remained the same. |
| | D) | context changed, values remained the same |
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| 2 | |
Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, who do not believe that the Industrial Revolution led to a sexual revolution, argue that |
| | A) | neither context nor values changed. |
| | B) | both context and values changed. |
| | C) | values changed, context remained the same. |
| | D) | context changed, values remained the same. |
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| 3 | |
Which one of the following phrases best describes the career of Peter Kropotkin, who believes that the French Revolution was worth its human costs? |
| | A) | A French revolutionary pamphleteer |
| | B) | A German middle class reactionary |
| | C) | A Hungarian religious zealot |
| | D) | A Russian aristocratic anarchist |
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| 4 | |
According to The Economist, which believes that the French Revolution was not worth its human costs, much of the historical writing on the revolution has been influenced by |
| | A) | extreme French nationalism. |
| | B) | the Marxist model of revolution. |
| | C) | anti-French bias. |
| | D) | the "great man" theory of history. |
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| 5 | |
Christine Kinealy, who believes that British policy decisions caused the mass emigration and land reforms that followed the Irish potato famine, calls the British government's response to the crisis |
| | A) | excessive. |
| | B) | well-intentioned, but inefficiently delivered. |
| | C) | deliberately inadequate. |
| | D) | genocidal. |
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| 6 | |
Hasia R. Diner, who does not believe that British policy decisions caused the mass emigration and land reforms that followed the Irish potato famine, views the famine as |
| | A) | a British-engineered calamity. |
| | B) | an ecological catastrophe. |
| | C) | the result of poor Irish planting and inheritance practices. |
| | D) | an act of God, which the Irish deserved. |
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| 7 | |
According to Andrew Gordon, who believes that the Meiji Restoration constituted a revolution, the Meiji Restoration can best be seen as |
| | A) | brought about by the emperor. |
| | B) | working class in origin. |
| | C) | a coup d'etat engineered by the emperor. |
| | D) | an aristocratic revolution. |
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| 8 | |
According to W.G. Beasley, who does not believe that the Meiji Restoration constituted a revolution, the phrase that best describes it is a |
| | A) | middle-class revolution. |
| | B) | "bottom up" revolution. |
| | C) | nationalist revolution. |
| | D) | "top down" revolution. |
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| 9 | |
According to Lance E. Davis and Robert A. Huttenback, who believe that economic factors were primarily responsible for British imperialism, the major expense of the British imperialist system was |
| | A) | the defense of the Empire. |
| | B) | dealing with the unfavorable trade balance the Empire created. |
| | C) | the tax burden it created for the British upper class. |
| | D) | the publicity campaign to build up British support for it. |
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| 10 | |
According to John M. MacKenzie, who does not believe that economic factors were primarily responsible for British imperialism, the greatest example of it could be found in |
| | A) | Asia. |
| | B) | the Middle East. |
| | C) | the Americas. |
| | D) | Africa. |
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| 11 | |
According to Paul A. Cohen, who believes that the Boxer Rebellion was caused by environmental factors and their psychological impact on Chinese society, ___________ is the main factor in causing the Boxer Rebellion. |
| | A) | a severe drought and resultant starvation |
| | B) | peasant dissatisfaction with the Chinese government |
| | C) | tension between Confucian scholars and Christian missionaries |
| | D) | the effects of a major earthquake |
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| 12 | |
According to Henrietta Harrison, who does not believe that the Boxer Rebellion was caused by environmental factors and their psychological impact on Chinese society, ___________ provide(s) the key to understanding what motivated the Boxers. |
| | A) | Chinese fear of a Japanese invasion |
| | B) | dissatisfaction with the Chinese dynastic rule system |
| | C) | anti-Christian and antiforeign sentiment |
| | D) | none of the above |
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| 13 | |
According to V. R. Berghahn, who believes that German militarism and diplomacy were responsible for World War I, the historian whose work opened up a World War I historical controversy was |
| | A) | Fritz Fischer. |
| | B) | Sidney Fay. |
| | C) | Niall Ferguson. |
| | D) | John Keegan. |
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| 14 | |
According to Samuel R. Williamson, Jr., who does not believe that German militarism and diplomacy were responsible for World War I, an overriding concern of German policy during the July 1914 crisis period was to |
| | A) | severely punish Russia for past transgressions. |
| | B) | end British domination on the high seas once and for all. |
| | C) | show strong support for their Austrian allies. |
| | D) | preserve the neutrality of Belgium in the event of war. |
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| 15 | |
According to Derek Aldcroft, who believes that the Treaty of Versailles did lead to World War II, the Treaty's most outspoken critic was |
| | A) | John Maynard Keynes. |
| | B) | Woodrow Wilson. |
| | C) | Vladimir Lenin. |
| | D) | Georges Clemenceau. |
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| 16 | |
Mark Mazower, who believes that the Treaty of Versailles did not lead to World War II, lists three major criticisms usually pinned on the Versailles Treaty. Which of the following is not one of them? |
| | A) | It was based on principles inconsistently applied. |
| | B) | It was not so much inconsistent as ineffective. |
| | C) | It kept the Old War European empires intact after the war. |
| | D) | It was overly ideological. |
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| 17 | |
According to Richard Stites, who believes that the Bolshevik Revolution improved the lives of Soviet women, the Revolution overthrew the power of all except which one of the following? |
| | A) | husbands within the patriarchal family |
| | B) | the Romanov dynasty and the monarchy |
| | C) | the Russian Orthodox Church |
| | D) | the educational system, which had previously been closed to women |
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| 18 | |
Lesley A. Rimmel, who does not believe that the Bolshevik Revolution improved the lives of Soviet women, writes that the central question of the revolution was: |
| | A) | Could a comrade become a baba? |
| | B) | Were babas and comrades equal? |
| | C) | Were women and men the same or different? |
| | D) | Could a man become a baba? |
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| 19 | |
Daniel Jonah Goldhagen who believes that German "eliminationist antisemitism" was responsible for the Holocaust, states that the people who carried out Holocaust policies were overwhelmingly |
| | A) | Austrians. |
| | B) | Germans. |
| | C) | Russians. |
| | D) | Latvians. |
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| 20 | |
According to Christopher Browning, who does not believe that German "eliminationist antisemtism" was responsible for the Holocaust, sees those who actively participated in the Holocaust as |
| | A) | brainwashed robots. |
| | B) | ordinary men. |
| | C) | ordinary Germans. |
| | D) | psychotic killers. |
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| 21 | |
Herbert Bix, who believes that Hirohito should be held responsible for Japan's wartime actions, states that new evidence proving this was uncovered |
| | A) | during the war itself. |
| | B) | at the end of the war in 1945. |
| | C) | after the emperor's death in 1989. |
| | D) | in General Douglas MacArthur's postwar memoirs. |
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| 22 | |
Steven S. Large, who holds that Hirohito was not responsible for World War II, sees Hirohito's ___________ as the key to answering the question. |
| | A) | passive personality |
| | B) | love of military ways |
| | C) | fear of China |
| | D) | lack of constitutional powers |
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| 23 | |
According to John Lewis Gaddis, who believes that Stalin was responsible for the cold war, during World War II Stalin had already developed a postwar plan that equated Soviet security with |
| | A) | Germany's defeat. |
| | B) | postwar economic recovery. |
| | C) | territorial gains. |
| | D) | close cooperation between the Soviet Union and the West. |
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| 24 | |
According to Martin J. Sherwin, who believes that Stalin was not responsible for the cold war, the defining event in the onset of the cold war was |
| | A) | Stalin's refusal to allow free elections in Poland after the war. |
| | B) | Mao Zedong's communist takeover in China. |
| | C) | the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. |
| | D) | the United States's use of the atomic bomb against Japan. |
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| 25 | |
According to A. T. Nuyen, who believes that Chinese Confucianism and Western capitalism are compatible, the modern West's dominance over Asia is due primarily to |
| | A) | cultural factors. |
| | B) | religious factors. |
| | C) | economic and political factors. |
| | D) | colonialism and postcolonial ideologies |
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| 26 | |
According to Jack Scarborough, who does not believe that Chinese Confucianism and Western capitalism are compatible, the modern West's dominance over Asia is due primarily to |
| | A) | cultural factors. |
| | B) | religious factors. |
| | C) | economic and political factors. |
| | D) | colonialism and postcolonial ideologies. |
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| 27 | |
According to John L. Esposito, who believes that Islamic revivalism challenges a stable world order, which one of the following might be used to describe the threat posed by Islam? |
| | A) | the red menace |
| | B) | the green menace |
| | C) | the Eastern menace |
| | D) | the infidels |
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| 28 | |
According to Sharif Shuja, who does not believe that Islamic revivalism challenges a stable world order, Islamic movements are opposed to all of the following, except |
| | A) | the existence of Judaism and Christianity. |
| | B) | annexation and occupation of their lands. |
| | C) | usurpation of their rights over their own natural resources. |
| | D) | denigration of their religion by the Western media. |
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| 29 | |
According to Alison Des Georges, who believes that ethnic hatred did cause the Rwandan genocide, the main reason for its occurrence was |
| | A) | the "Failed State" Syndrome in Africa. |
| | B) | incentives provided to its perpetrators. |
| | C) | extremists' use of the governmental system. |
| | D) | hatred and fear of the Tutsi. |
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| 30 | |
According to Rene Lemarchand, who believes that ethnic hatred was not the main cause of the Rwandan genocide, the main cause was |
| | A) | tribal savagery. |
| | B) | a spontaneous outburst of blind fury. |
| | C) | atavistic hatreds. |
| | D) | lack of interference by the international community. |
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| 31 | |
According to Warren Zimmerman, who believes that ethnic leaders were responsible for the death of Yugoslavia, the most culpable individual was |
| | A) | Franjo Tudjman. |
| | B) | Milan Kucan. |
| | C) | Slobodan Milosevic. |
| | D) | Alija Izerbegovic. |
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| 32 | |
According to Steven Majstorovic, who does not believe that ethnic leaders were responsible for the death of Yugoslavia, the problems that befell Yugoslavia began when |
| | A) | the United States refused to help keep the republic together. |
| | B) | Tito died and the centralized communist system began to disintegrate. |
| | C) | Croatia and Slovenia seceded from the Yugoslav union. |
| | D) | war broke out in the independent province of Kosovo. |
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| 33 | |
According to Anatol Lieven, who believes that the roots of modern terrorism lie in political powerlessness, economic hopelessness, and social alienation, the danger to world order comes from |
| | A) | ruling elites who seek even greater power. |
| | B) | out-of-control military groups in stable countries. |
| | C) | those who are excluded from the global market or who have experienced a decline in status. |
| | D) | those who are consumed by religious fanaticism. |
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| 34 | |
According to Mark Juergensmeyer, who does not believe that the roots of modern terrorism lie in political powerlessness, economic hopelessness, and social alienation, Osama bin Laden represents |
| | A) | one example of mainstream Islamic thinking. |
| | B) | the religious orthodoxy of the Sunni branch of Islam. |
| | C) | Saudi Arabia's interests in the Middle East. |
| | D) | a small network at the extreme end of a subculture of dissatisfied Muslims. |
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| 35 | |
Sima Wali, who believes Afghan women have been liberated from oppression, asserts that the unique aspect of the war in Afghanistan is that rhetoric against the Taliban treatment of women: |
| | A) | was forgotten once bombs began to fall |
| | B) | was translated into action on behalf of women |
| | C) | turned out to be false |
| | D) | was never intended to produce results |
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| 36 | |
Noy Thrupkaew, who does not believe Afghan women have been liberated from oppression, thinks RAWA (Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan) is too: |
| | A) | timid to be effective, despite its radical name |
| | B) | allied with the warlords to be effective |
| | C) | linked with the Karzai government to be effective |
| | D) | radical to be effective |
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| 37 | |
According to Max Boot, who feels that the U.S. should pursue a course of liberal imperialism, the most successful example of it in the post World War II period was the nation building of |
| | A) | Germany. |
| | B) | Italy. |
| | C) | Japan. |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 38 | |
According to Immanuel Wallerstein, who believes that the United States should not adopt a policy of liberal imperialism, America’s global hegemony was |
| | A) | a product of the Cold War. |
| | B) | created out of the chaos of World War I. |
| | C) | a result of the world recession of 1873. |
| | D) | initiated in the 1980s by the Reagan administration. |
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