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| 1 | |
Edward Shorter, who believes that the Industrial Revolution led to a sexual revolution, argues that: |
| | A) | neither context nor values changed. |
| | B) | both context and values changed. |
| | C) | values changed, context remained the same. |
| | D) | context changed, values remained the same. |
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| 2 | |
Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen, who do not believe that the Industrial Revolution led to a sexual revolution, argue that: |
| | A) | neither context nor values changed. |
| | B) | both context and values changed. |
| | C) | values changed, context remained the same. |
| | D) | context changed, values remained the same. |
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| 3 | |
Which one of the following phrases best describes the career of Peter Kropotkin, who believes that the French Revolution was worth its human costs? |
| | A) | A French revolutionary pamphleteer |
| | B) | A German middle class reactionary |
| | C) | A Hungarian religious zealot |
| | D) | A Russian aristocratic anarchist |
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| 4 | |
According to The Economist, which believes that the French Revolution was not worth its human costs, much of the historical writing on the revolution has been influenced by: |
| | A) | extreme French nationalism |
| | B) | the Marxist model of revolution |
| | C) | anti-French bias |
| | D) | the "great man" theory of history |
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| 5 | |
Graham Goodlad, who believes that Napoleon Bonaparte deserves his historical reputation as a great general, states that Napoleon's military career and achievements: |
| | A) | were generally the result of the incompetence of his enemies. |
| | B) | were aided by the overwhelming size of the French armies. |
| | C) | will never be repeated. |
| | D) | have generally not been admired by twentieth-century military historians. |
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| 6 | |
Jonathan Riley, who does not believe that Napoleon Bonaparte deserves his historical reputation as a great general, believes Napoleon was a military failure because he: |
| | A) | won wars, but never won the peace. |
| | B) | his military tactics suffered from inflexibility. |
| | C) | eventually lost the respect of the French soldiers. |
| | D) | had very few able subordinate generals. |
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| 7 | |
Christine Kinealy, who believes that British policy decisions caused the mass emigration and land reforms that followed the Irish potato famine, calls the British government's response to the crisis |
| | A) | excessive. |
| | B) | well-intentioned, but inefficiently delivered. |
| | C) | deliberately inadequate. |
| | D) | genocidal. |
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| 8 | |
Hasia R. Diner, who does not believe that British policy decisions caused the mass emigration and land reforms that followed the Irish potato famine, views the famine as: |
| | A) | a British-engineered calamity. |
| | B) | an ecological catastrophe. |
| | C) | the result of poor Irish planting and inheritance practices. |
| | D) | an act of God, which the Irish deserved. |
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| 9 | |
According to Andrew Gordon, who believes that the Meiji Restoration constituted a revolution, the Meiji Restoration can best be seen as: |
| | A) | brought about by the emperor. |
| | B) | working class in origin. |
| | C) | a coup d'etat engineered by the emperor. |
| | D) | an aristocratic revolution. |
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| 10 | |
According to W.G. Beasley, who does not believe that the Meiji Restoration constituted a revolution, the phrase that best describes it is a: |
| | A) | middle-class revolution. |
| | B) | "bottom up" revolution. |
| | C) | nationalist revolution |
| | D) | "top down" revolution |
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| 11 | |
According to J. A. Hobson, who believes that economic factors were primarily responsible for British imperialism, the major expense of the British imperialist system was: |
| | A) | the defense of the Empire. |
| | B) | dealing with the unfavorable trade balance the Empire created. |
| | C) | the tax burden it created for the British upper class. |
| | D) | the publicity campaign to build up British support for it. |
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| 12 | |
According to John M. MacKenzie, who does not believe that economic factors were primarily responsible for British imperialism, the greatest example of it could be found in: |
| | A) | Asia. |
| | B) | the Middle East. |
| | C) | the Americas. |
| | D) | Africa. |
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| 13 | |
According to Paul A. Cohen, who believes that the Boxer Rebellion was caused by environmental factors and their psychological impact on Chinese society, ___________ is the main factor in causing the Boxer Rebellion. |
| | A) | a severe drought and resultant starvation |
| | B) | peasant dissatisfaction with the Chinese government |
| | C) | tension between Confucian scholars and Christian missionaries |
| | D) | the effects of a major earthquake |
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| 14 | |
According to Henrietta Harrison, who does not believe that the Boxer Rebellion was caused by environmental factors and their psychological impact on Chinese society, ___________ provide(s) the key to understanding what motivated the Boxers. |
| | A) | Chinese fear of a Japanese invasion |
| | B) | dissatisfaction with the Chinese dynastic rule system |
| | C) | anti-Christian and antiforeign sentiment |
| | D) | none of the above |
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| 15 | |
According to V. R. Berghahn, who believes that German militarism and diplomacy were responsible for World War I, the historian whose work opened up a World War I historical controversy was: |
| | A) | Fritz Fischer. |
| | B) | Sidney Fay. |
| | C) | Niall Ferguson. |
| | D) | John Keegan. |
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| 16 | |
According to Christopher Ray, who does not believe that German militarism and diplomacy were responsible for World War I, an overriding concern of German policy during the July 1914 crisis period was to: |
| | A) | severely punish Russia for past transgressions. |
| | B) | end British domination on the high seas once and for all. |
| | C) | show strong support for their Austrian allies. |
| | D) | preserve the neutrality of Belgium in the event of war. |
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| 17 | |
According to Derek Aldcroft, who believes that the Treaty of Versailles did lead to World War II, the Treaty's most outspoken critic was: |
| | A) | John Maynard Keynes |
| | B) | Woodrow Wilson |
| | C) | Vladimir Lenin |
| | D) | Georges Clemenceau |
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| 18 | |
Mark Mazower, who believes that the Treaty of Versailles did not lead to World War II, lists three major criticisms usually pinned on the Versailles Treaty. Which of the following is not one of them? |
| | A) | It was based on principles inconsistently applied. |
| | B) | It was not so much inconsistent as ineffective |
| | C) | It kept the Old War European empires intact after the war. |
| | D) | It was overly ideological. |
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| 19 | |
According to Richard Stites, who believes that the Bolshevik Revolution improved the lives of Soviet women, the Revolution overthrew the power of all except which one of the following? |
| | A) | husbands within the patriarchal family |
| | B) | the Romanov dynasty and the monarchy |
| | C) | the Russian Orthodox Church |
| | D) | the educational system, which had previously been closed to women |
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| 20 | |
Lesley A. Rimmel, who does not believe that the Bolshevik Revolution improved the lives of Soviet women, writes that the central question of the revolution was: |
| | A) | Could a comrade become a baba? |
| | B) | Were babas and comrades equal? |
| | C) | Were women and men the same or different? |
| | D) | Could a man become a baba? |
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| 21 | |
Daniel Jonah Goldhagen who believes that German "eliminationist antisemitism" was responsible for the Holocaust, states that the people who carried out Holocaust policies were overwhelmingly: |
| | A) | Austrians. |
| | B) | Germans. |
| | C) | Russians. |
| | D) | Latvians. |
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| 22 | |
According to Christopher Browning, who does not believe that German "eliminationist antisemtism" was responsible for the Holocaust, sees those who actively participated in the Holocaust as: |
| | A) | brainwashed robots. |
| | B) | ordinary men. |
| | C) | ordinary Germans. |
| | D) | psychotic killers. |
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| 23 | |
According to Paul Wingrove, who believes that Stalin was responsible for the Korean War, Stalin encouraged North Korea to attack South Korea because he felt that: |
| | A) | Soviet troops would win a swift victory. |
| | B) | the U.S. would not interfere. |
| | C) | he had the support of his allies. |
| | D) | Mao Zedong strongly supported the attack. |
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| 24 | |
According to Hugh Deane, who feels that the United States was responsible for the Korean War, the war started in: |
| | A) | 1950 |
| | B) | 1953 |
| | C) | 1948 |
| | D) | 1945 |
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| 25 | |
According to A. T. Nuyen, who believes that Chinese Confucianism and Western capitalism are compatible, the modern West's dominance over Asia is due primarily to: |
| | A) | cultural factors. |
| | B) | religious factors. |
| | C) | economic and political factors. |
| | D) | colonialism and postcolonial ideologies. |
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| 26 | |
According to Jack Scarborough, who does not believe that Chinese Confucianism and Western capitalism are compatible, the modern West's dominance over Asia is due primarily to: |
| | A) | cultural factors. |
| | B) | religious factors. |
| | C) | economic and political factors. |
| | D) | colonialism and postcolonial ideologies. |
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| 27 | |
According to Warren Zimmerman, who believes that ethnic leaders were responsible for the death of Yugoslavia, the most culpable individual was: |
| | A) | Franjo Tudjman. |
| | B) | Milan Kucan. |
| | C) | Slobodan Milosevic. |
| | D) | Alija Izerbegovic. |
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| 28 | |
According to Steven Majstorovic, who does not believe that ethnic leaders were responsible for the death of Yugoslavia, the problems that befell Yugoslavia began when: |
| | A) | the United States refused to help keep the republic together. |
| | B) | Tito died and the centralized communist system began to disintegrate. |
| | C) | Croatia and Slovenia seceded from the Yugoslav union. |
| | D) | war broke out in the independent province of Kosovo. |
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| 29 | |
According to Alison Des Georges, who believes that ethnic hatred did cause the Rwandan genocide, the main reason for its occurrence was: |
| | A) | the "Failed State" Syndrome in Africa. |
| | B) | incentives provided to its perpetrators. |
| | C) | extremists' use of the governmental system. |
| | D) | hatred and fear of the Tutsi. |
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| 30 | |
According to Rene Lemarchand, who believes that ethnic hatred was not the main cause of the Rwandan genocide, the main cause was: |
| | A) | tribal savagery. |
| | B) | a spontaneous outburst of blind fury. |
| | C) | atavistic hatreds. |
| | D) | lack of interference by the international community. |
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| 31 | |
According to John L. Esposito, who believes that Islamic revivalism challenges a stable world order, which one of the following might be used to describe the threat posed by Islam? |
| | A) | the red menace |
| | B) | the green menace |
| | C) | the Eastern menace |
| | D) | the infidels |
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| 32 | |
According to Sharif Shuja, who does not believe that Islamic revivalism challenges a stable world order, Islamic movements are opposed to all of the following, except: |
| | A) | the existence of Judaism and Christianity. |
| | B) | annexation and occupation of their lands. |
| | C) | usurpation of their rights over their own natural resources. |
| | D) | denigration of their religion by the Western media. |
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| 33 | |
Sima Wali, who believes Afghan women have been liberated from oppression, asserts that the unique aspect of the war in Afghanistan is that rhetoric against the Taliban treatment of women: |
| | A) | was forgotten once bombs began to fall. |
| | B) | was translated into action on behalf of women. |
| | C) | turned out to be false. |
| | D) | was never intended to produce results. |
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| 34 | |
Noy Thrupkaew, who does not believe Afghan women have been liberated from oppression, thinks RAWA (Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan) is too: |
| | A) | timid to be effective, despite its radical name. |
| | B) | allied with the warlords to be effective. |
| | C) | linked with the Karzai government to be effective. |
| | D) | radical to be effective. |
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