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| 1 | The symbiotic relationship with fungi called mycorrhizae: |
 | A) | allow plants to take up minerals such as phosphorus |
| B) | cause disease in the infected plant |
| C) | only benefit the fungus |
| D) | existed only millions of years ago |
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| 2 | All of the following are methods plants have evolved to help them conserve water EXCEPT for: |
| A) | a waxy cuticle |
| B) | stomata |
| C) | seeds |
| D) | mycorrhizae |
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| 3 | In order to disperse water throughout themselves more effectively, plants evolved: |
| A) | pores |
| B) | vascular tissues |
| C) | circulatory systems |
| D) | stomata |
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| 4 | The first vascular plants occurred in the fossil record _________ years ago. |
| A) | 430 million |
| B) | 1 million |
| C) | 100,000 |
| D) | 4.5 billion |
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| 5 | There are an estimated ______________ species of plants alive today. |
| A) | 1,000 |
| B) | 8,500 |
| C) | 15,000 |
| D) | 300,000 |
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| 6 | The first successful land plants, even though they lacked vascular tissue, were the: |
| A) | mosses |
| B) | coniferous trees |
| C) | liverworts and hornworts |
| D) | ferns |
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| 7 | _____________ are plants with primitive conducting systems. |
| A) | Mosses |
| B) | Coniferous trees |
| C) | Liverworts and hornworts |
| D) | Ferns |
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| 8 | There are ___________ species of mosses worldwide. |
| A) | 10 |
| B) | 100 |
| C) | 800 |
| D) | 9,500 |
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| 9 | Early vascular plants grew by only cell division at the tips of the stems and shoots, a type of growth called: |
| A) | primary growth |
| B) | secondary growth |
| C) | wood |
| D) | vascular growth |
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| 10 | Which group has the tallest living specimens today? |
| A) | vascular plants |
| B) | mosses |
| C) | hornworts |
| D) | liverworts |
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| 11 | During the sporophyte generation in the life cycle of a fern, the plant releases _______________ that germinate and become gametophytes. |
| A) | haploid spores |
| B) | diploid spores |
| C) | haploid gametes |
| D) | diploid gametes |
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| 12 | In a seed plant, the pollen grains are actually tiny: |
| A) | female gametophytes |
| B) | seeds |
| C) | male gametophytes |
| D) | eggs |
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| 13 | The first seed plants were the: |
| A) | ferns |
| B) | gymnosperms |
| C) | angiosperms |
| D) | monocots |
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| 14 | Among the longest-surviving group of gymnosperms, the ___________ had relatives alive on earth during the days of the dinosaur. |
| A) | cycads |
| B) | dicots |
| C) | monocots |
| D) | ferns |
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| 15 | The second whorl of flowers is made up of ____________ with the purpose of __________________. |
| A) | sepals; protection |
| B) | carpel; housing the egg cell |
| C) | petals; attracting pollinators |
| D) | stamens; housing pollen |
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| 16 | Flowers evolved brighter colors, nectar, and fragrances to |
| A) | confuse predators. |
| B) | attract mates. |
| C) | promote seed dispersal. |
| D) | attract pollinators. |
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| 17 | Which part of a flower is green and leaf-like? |
| A) | petals |
| B) | sepals |
| C) | stamens |
| D) | carpels |
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| 18 | What kinds of angiosperms have reverted to wind pollination? |
| A) | oaks |
| B) | grasses |
| C) | birches |
| D) | all of these |
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| 19 | In double fertilization, the second fertilization after fertilization of the egg occurs with the: |
| A) | carpel |
| B) | pollen |
| C) | synergids |
| D) | polar nuclei |
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| 20 | Dicots evolved _________ monocots. |
| A) | before |
| B) | after |
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| 21 | Monocots typically have leaves with _________ veins and flowers with ______ parts per whorl. |
| A) | netlike; 3 |
| B) | netlike; 4 to 5 |
| C) | parallel; 3 |
| D) | parallel; 4 to 5 |
| E) | netlike; 6 |
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| 22 | The primary function of a fruit is |
| A) | to provide nutrients to the endosperm. |
| B) | to promote seed development. |
| C) | to promote seed germination. |
| D) | to promote seed dispersal. |
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| 23 | The outermost whorl of a flower is called the: |
| A) | sepals |
| B) | petals |
| C) | stamens |
| D) | carpel |
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| 24 | In most angiosperms, pollen are dispersed by ___________. |
| A) | birds |
| B) | insects |
| C) | wind |
| D) | humans |
| E) | water |
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| 25 | All of the following are parts of the carpel except: |
| A) | ovary |
| B) | style |
| C) | stamen |
| D) | stigma |
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| 26 | All of the following phyla belong to the Gymnosperms except: |
| A) | Coniferophyta |
| B) | Lycophyta |
| C) | Ginkgophyta |
| D) | Cycadophyta |
| E) | Gnetophyta |
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| 27 | Seedless vascular plants, like ferns, require ________ for fertilization. |
| A) | water |
| B) | bees |
| C) | wind |
| D) | animals |
| E) | all of the choices are correct |
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| 28 | Which phyla do ferns belong to? |
| A) | Lycophyta |
| B) | Pterophyta |
| C) | Gnetophyta |
| D) | Ginkgophyta |
| E) | Arthophyta |
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| 29 | Which phyla lacks a vascular system? |
| A) | Pterophyta |
| B) | Gnetophyta |
| C) | Ginkgophyta |
| D) | Hepaticophyta |
| E) | Lycophyta |
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| 30 | When you see a fern, the large plant you are looking at is the: |
| A) | endosperm |
| B) | gametophyte |
| C) | sporophyte |
| D) | rhizoid |
| E) | antheridium |
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| 31 | When spores are released from the underside of the fern frond, they fall to the ground where they germinate, growing into: |
| A) | haploid gametophytes |
| B) | diploid sporophytes |
| C) | haploid sporophytes |
| D) | diploid gametophytes |
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| 32 | A seed has three parts: an embryo, a source of food for the developing embryo called __________ and a protective cover. |
| A) | antheridium |
| B) | endosperm |
| C) | rhizoid |
| D) | ovule |
| E) | cone |
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| 33 | The flower structure that holds pollen is called a(n) ________. |
| A) | stigma |
| B) | ovary |
| C) | anther |
| D) | style |
| E) | receptacle |
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| 34 | Which of the following could not be found within a carpel? |
| A) | egg |
| B) | megaspore |
| C) | polar nuclei |
| D) | endosperm |
| E) | pollen |
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| 35 | All of the following are correct about dicots except: |
| A) | they are likely the first angiosperms. |
| B) | they have netlike (reticulate) leaves |
| C) | they have flower parts in fours and fives |
| D) | grasses are an example |
| E) | oak trees are an example |
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| 36 | The embryo is located inside the cotyledon. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 37 | Plants are because they can produce their own food. |
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| 38 | are symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots. |
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| 39 | A is an opening into the outermost layer of a leaf. |
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| 40 | Gametophyte generations produce . |
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| 41 | Alternation of occurs when a gametophyte alternates with a sporophyte. |
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| 42 | The are the most abundant type of seedless vascular plant. |
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| 43 | surround the seed(s) in flowering plants, aiding in dispersal. |
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| 44 | In some seeds, the is used up in the formation of the cotyledons. |
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| 45 | Flower parts are connected to a base called a . |
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| 46 | A common name for secondary plant growth in stems is . |
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| 47 | List two of several of the adaptations plants evolved to enhance their survival on land. |
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| 48 | What features serve to distinguish vascular plants from nonvascular plants? |
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| 49 | Why is the evolution of secondary growth important for plants? |
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| 50 | Of what advantage might it be for a plant to produce a seed rather than to be seedless? |
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| 51 | How do the seeds of angiosperms differ from those of gymnosperms? |
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