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| 1 | |
The two traditions about how sinful human beings can gain salvation are |
| | A) | (1) church ritual and (2) good works. |
| | B) | (1) good works and (2) clerical intercession. |
| | C) | (1) church ritual and (2) individual faith. |
| | D) | (1) individual faith and (2) love of God. |
| | E) | (1) individual faith and (2) good works. |
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| 2 | |
In the late medieval period, lay people sought a more personal religious experience through all EXCEPT |
| | A) | reading the Bible and the writings of early church fathers. |
| | B) | joining religious orders in unprecedented numbers. |
| | C) | establishing lay fraternities for worship. |
| | D) | destroying cosmetics, dice, and other frivolities. |
| | E) | establishing lay fraternities for charitable purposes. |
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| 3 | |
All of the following eroded the prestige of the late medieval papacy EXCEPT |
| | A) | its confusion during the Avignon and Schism periods. |
| | B) | its focus on worldly concerns like power politics. |
| | C) | its fiscal expedients and extravagant spending. |
| | D) | the successes of the Ottoman Turks. |
| | E) | the challenges to papal moral and doctrinal superiority brought by the conciliar movement. |
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| 4 | |
New religious ideas were spread in all of the following ways EXCEPT |
| | A) | sermons by the clergy. |
| | B) | nightly village gatherings. |
| | C) | printed books and broadsides. |
| | D) | works of literature and art. |
| | E) | news from travelers passing through smaller towns' taverns and inns. |
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| 5 | |
The Christian humanists attempted to use humanistic techniques in the service of religion by |
| | A) | fusing neoplatonist philosophy with the Christian religion. |
| | B) | retranslating and reanalyzing the Bible to understand it more accurately. |
| | C) | refuting nominalism by drawing on ancient authorities. |
| | D) | showing the parallel between civic Humanism and Christian "good works." |
| | E) | moving away from a reliance on interpretations of the Bible. |
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| 6 | |
The Holy Roman Empire was ripe for Reformation for all of the following reasons EXCEPT |
| | A) | in territories ruled by the Church, secular complaints exacerbated spiritual ones. |
| | B) | its small governments could not resist papal exactions as national monarchs did. |
| | C) | the Holy Roman Emperor wanted to gain independence from the pope. |
| | D) | the emperor had no real power over the numerous secular princes, many of whom supported the religious upheavals to come as ways to advance their power. |
| | E) | the popes had come to view the empire as a secure revenue source and the people resented the strain on their resources. |
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| 7 | |
Martin Luther's basic problem was that |
| | A) | he was unhappy in the career track that he had chosen. |
| | B) | he identified the pope with his father. |
| | C) | he questioned the interpretation of the Bible and the true meanings of certain words. |
| | D) | he felt unworthy to perform the sacraments. |
| | E) | he felt a righteous God would never forgive his sins. |
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| 8 | |
The pope excommunicated Luther because |
| | A) | he disputed the legitimacy of indulgences in the 95 Theses. |
| | B) | he rejected the pope's authority and the validity of the sacraments. |
| | C) | he refused to recant his beliefs at the Diet of Worms. |
| | D) | he defied an imperial edict by accepting protection in Saxony. |
| | E) | he questioned the right of the clergy to administer the seven sacraments. |
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| 9 | |
Luther's last major act of reform was to |
| | A) | define the doctrine of consubstantiation to make clear his rejection of transubstantiation. |
| | B) | translate the Bible into German so ordinary people could read it for themselves. |
| | C) | organize the Duke of Saxony's church, which became a model for Lutherans elsewhere. |
| | D) | meet with Zwingli in an attempt to reconcile their interpretations of Christianity. |
| | E) | allow priests to marry, further narrowing the difference between clergy and laity. |
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| 10 | |
Popular enthusiasm for Luther's revolt was demonstrated by all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | other preachers and pamphlets criticizing the Church proved a strong draw all over the Empire. |
| | B) | there were waves of image smashing and reports of priests marrying. |
| | C) | congregations all over the Empire and in neighboring countries began following Luther's teachings. |
| | D) | radical preachers began calling for Lutheranism to be institutionalized as the Empire's state church. |
| | E) | there were efforts to simplify the sacraments. |
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| 11 | |
By the 1550s, what percentage of the Holy Roman Empire had embraced Lutheranism? |
| | A) | approximately half |
| | B) | approximately one-third |
| | C) | approximately one-fourth |
| | D) | approximately two-thirds |
| | E) | approximately one-tenth |
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| 12 | |
Luther's doctrine of the equality of all believers in the eyes of God had all of the following effects EXCEPT |
| | A) | it justified antimonarchical constitutional theories. |
| | B) | it originated independent and pioneering behavior among Europeans. |
| | C) | it allowed people to feel that all occupations were equally worthy. |
| | D) | it undermined the hierarchic view of the universe. |
| | E) | it encouraged people to act on their own and to be responsible for their own salvation. |
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| 13 | |
Zwingli and Luther agreed on all of the following issues EXCEPT |
| | A) | the retention of church authority. |
| | B) | the correctness of infant baptism. |
| | C) | an ideology based entirely upon scripture. |
| | D) | an emphasis on faith alone. |
| | E) | the symbolic meaning of the sacraments of baptism and communion. |
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| 14 | |
The Melchiorite Anabaptists at Münster did all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | forcibly rebaptized all citizens. |
| | B) | burned all books but the Bible. |
| | C) | abolished private property. |
| | D) | instituted polygamy. |
| | E) | believed in the eminent return of the Messiah. |
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| 15 | |
Calvinism was well adapted to struggle against Catholicism for all the following reasons EXCEPT |
| | A) | its doctrine of predestination instilled firm confidence in its adherents. |
| | B) | it had a disciplined, hierarchical organization that defined clearly each member's position. |
| | C) | its tenets were left vague, so different congregations could adapt them to local conditions. |
| | D) | it had a secure base at Geneva from which to disseminate missionary propaganda. |
| | E) | tight discipline convinced Calvinists that they were setting a moral and religious example that the entire world would eventually follow. |
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| 16 | |
Henry VIII separated the English Church from Rome |
| | A) | because of the strength of Lutheranism among his subjects. |
| | B) | because he was moved by Luther's message. |
| | C) | in order to cement an alliance with the Emperor. |
| | D) | to get a divorce. |
| | E) | to gain control over Church offices. |
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| 17 | |
The pre-existing strengths of the Catholic Church included all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | venerable traditions and splendid ceremonies. |
| | B) | phenomenal wealth. |
| | C) | long history of charity for the poor. |
| | D) | Paul III. |
| | E) | clearly defined doctrines. |
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| 18 | |
The Council of Trent accomplished all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | clearly reaffirming doctrines challenged by the Protestants. |
| | B) | establishing the outward, sacramental orientation of the Church. |
| | C) | strengthening the power of the pope. |
| | D) | updating the version of the Bible accepted as authoritative. |
| | E) | instilling new discipline that demonstrated a willingness to deal with morality as thoroughly as with belief. |
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| 19 | |
The most common contribution of women to the Counter-Reformation was |
| | A) | as mystics. |
| | B) | through charitable activities. |
| | C) | by affecting their husbands' faith. |
| | D) | by founding new orders. |
| | E) | the establishment of new hospitals. |
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| 20 | |
The core element of Ignatius Loyola's new order was |
| | A) | strictly enforced military discipline. |
| | B) | carefully structured spiritual experiences. |
| | C) | rigorous educational preparation. |
| | D) | flexibility when courting wavering rulers. |
| | E) | theological combat with competitors. |
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