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| 1 | |
Who was NOT one of the most important seventeenth century thinkers to the Enlightenment? |
| | A) | Isaac Newton |
| | B) | Rene Descartes |
| | C) | Francis Bacon |
| | D) | John Locke |
| | E) | Thomas Hobbes |
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| 2 | |
Science was important to the Enlightenment as |
| | A) | the focus of the philosophes' original thought. |
| | B) | a source of theoretical justifications for the philosophes' programs. |
| | C) | an inspiring example of the success of reason and experience. |
| | D) | the major recruiting ground for new philosophes. |
| | E) | a justification for military adventurism. |
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| 3 | |
The Enlightenment eroded the authority of revealed religion through all of the following means EXCEPT |
| | A) | toleration, which demanded the coexistence of competing revealed truths. |
| | B) | deism, which stripped religion of its mystical and supernatural trappings. |
| | C) | science, which proved that the universe is just a giant mechanism. |
| | D) | criticism, which subjected Christianity to rationalist analysis. |
| | E) | liberal theology, which opposed religious superstition or "enthusiasm." |
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| 4 | |
One important reason the philosophes championed intellectual freedom was |
| | A) | they felt that all points of view must be treated as equally valid. |
| | B) | the beliefs they opposed were supported by official power. |
| | C) | their beliefs rested not on assumptions but on facts. |
| | D) | they wanted to mobilize the masses. |
| | E) | they believed they could convince government officials of the rightness of their ideas. |
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| 5 | |
All of the following Enlightenment figures pioneered the social sciences EXCEPT |
| | A) | Montesquieu, who essentially founded political science by writing a comparative study of governments. |
| | B) | David Hume, who transformed ethics from a philosophical to a scientific field of study. |
| | C) | Adam Smith, who advanced economics by focusing on the mechanical workings of the market. |
| | D) | Voltaire, who moved history beyond chronicles of battles to analysis of social institutions and culture. |
| | E) | Immanuel Kant, who attempted to harmonize the notion of absolute moral values with practical reason. |
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| 6 | |
The Encyclopedia advanced the Enlightenment by all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | conveying the philosophes' concept of useful knowledge. |
| | B) | forcing opponents of the Enlightenment to concede by its weight of evidence. |
| | C) | stressing the social utility of science and social science. |
| | D) | overcoming official censorship in the process of satisfying the demand for works of the Enlightenment. |
| | E) | applying rational standards to religion. |
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| 7 | |
Rousseau advocated all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | the founding of morals on the basis of conscience rather than reason. |
| | B) | the creation of a new academy that would bring together scientists and humanists. |
| | C) | education through the cultivation of natural talents rather than imposition of dry information. |
| | D) | a social and political system in which individual desires are subordinate to group consensus. |
| | E) | a return to simplicity to shrug off the trappings of a materialistic culture. |
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| 8 | |
The elite's cosmopolitan culture, the "republic of letters," was held together by all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | a lecture circuit that paid philosophes to give public talks throughout Europe. |
| | B) | travel, and in particular the "grand tour" of modern capitals and ancient ruins. |
| | C) | the use of French as a common language. |
| | D) | learned academies that served as conduits for advanced scientific and philosophical ideas. |
| | E) | salons that brought aristocrats, philosophes, and well-to-do commoners together. |
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| 9 | |
The growth of publishing in the eighteenth century was evidenced by all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | the proliferation of journals for specialized interests. |
| | B) | the disappearance of oral traditions in popular culture. |
| | C) | the appearance of regular newspapers. |
| | D) | the increasing number and profitability of booksellers. |
| | E) | the growth of traveling circulating libraries. |
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| 10 | |
The novel, romantic poetry, and symphonic music had in common that they |
| | A) | celebrated the structure that classical forms gave to human experience. |
| | B) | ignored linear song structures in favor of dissonance. |
| | C) | rebelled against the constraints of classical forms by abandoning structure. |
| | D) | opened up artistic experience to peasants and the urban working classes. |
| | E) | emphasized emotional experience as the focus of artistic endeavor. |
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| 11 | |
The social context of art was changing in that |
| | A) | aristocrats were replacing the Church as the primary source of patronage. |
| | B) | artists were suddenly confronted with the need to support themselves commercially. |
| | C) | critics and public exhibitions were creating a "public sphere" of cultural discourse. |
| | D) | artists for the first time turned their attention to ordinary people's lives. |
| | E) | art was the preserve of a very small, provincial group that had no contacts with the "real world." |
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| 12 | |
Cheap books for ordinary people tended to be in all of the following genres EXCEPT |
| | A) | almanacs. |
| | B) | religious tracts. |
| | C) | entertaining stories. |
| | D) | romances. |
| | E) | popularizations of the Enlightenment. |
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| 13 | |
Literacy in France was |
| | A) | highest in the northeast. |
| | B) | highest in the east. |
| | C) | highest in the south. |
| | D) | highest in the southwest. |
| | E) | the lowest in Europe. |
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| 14 | |
Which countries did the most to promote schooling of the common people? |
| | A) | England and France |
| | B) | France and Prussia |
| | C) | England and Austria |
| | D) | Austria and Prussia |
| | E) | Prussia and England |
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| 15 | |
Popular organizations included all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | journeymen's secret societies that combined social and trade-union functions. |
| | B) | confraternities honoring saints that united established artisans and provided for a dignified funeral. |
| | C) | mutual aid societies that collected dues and provided aid in times of illness or accident. |
| | D) | salons in which social and cultural leaders met to exchange their views. |
| | E) | tavern culture which provided community for a poor clientele. |
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| 16 | |
During the eighteenth century, refined cultural tastes came to be |
| | A) | essential at all levels of society. |
| | B) | seen by all to be hollow pretense. |
| | C) | the sign of membership in the elite. |
| | D) | linked to a democratic view of society. |
| | E) | a measure of one's arrogance. |
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| 17 | |
The Enlightenment thinker who authored Elements of the Philosophy of Newton was |
| | A) | Locke. |
| | B) | Hobbes. |
| | C) | Rousseau. |
| | D) | Voltaire. |
| | E) | Diderot. |
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| 18 | |
Voltaire's best-selling masterpiece that was burned by authorities in Switzerland, France, and the Netherlands was |
| | A) | The Philosophical Dictionary. |
| | B) | The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. |
| | C) | The Spirit of the Laws. |
| | D) | The Encyclopedia. |
| | E) | Emile, or Treatise on Education. |
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| 19 | |
The author of The Spirit of the Laws, a comparative study of governments and societies, was |
| | A) | Voltaire. |
| | B) | Hobbes. |
| | C) | Montesquieu. |
| | D) | Kant. |
| | E) | Rousseau. |
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| 20 | |
In his book The Social Contract, Rousseau described the ideal polity as |
| | A) | a theocracy. |
| | B) | a government that has returned to a state of nature. |
| | C) | government in which individuals have a role in making the law to which they submit. |
| | D) | one led by a natural aristocracy of the educated and wealthy. |
| | E) | a military autocracy with a professional bureaucracy. |
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