1. Movements for reform, from above as well as from privileged and unprivileged estates, grew during the eighteenth century, provoking crises and political unrest.

2. The French Revolution--supporting ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity--broke out in 1789, leading eventually to the fall of the French monarchy and a series of sweeping reforms in many areas of civic and social life.

3. A second revolution occurred in 1792, leading France into a more radical phase dominated by Jacobins on the Committee of Public Safety, by the sans-culottes, and by the Terror.