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| 1 | |
The initial revolutions in 1848 accomplished all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | replacing the July Monarchy with the Second Republic in France. |
| | B) | ending Metternich's rule and bringing autonomy for Hungary and promises of a constitution in Austria. |
| | C) | forcing elections to a constituent assembly in Prussia and creation of a German national assembly. |
| | D) | establishing constitutionalism and ending Austrian rule in Italy. |
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| 2 | |
The "fatal dissensions" that divided the revolutionary forces included all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | conflicts between the middle-class and workers. |
| | B) | national divisions. |
| | C) | the rivalry between Prussia and Austria in Germany. |
| | D) | conflicts between artisans, peasants, and nobles. |
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| 3 | |
The "forces of order" used military power to accomplish all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | suppressing the workers in Paris during the "June Days." |
| | B) | ending the Pan-Slav conference in Prague. |
| | C) | re-establishing Austrian power and suppressing constitutional regimes in Italy. |
| | D) | crushing uprisings in Austria, Hungary, the Rhineland, Saxony, and Bavaria. |
| | E) | reimposing serfdom on the peasants of eastern Prussia and Austria. |
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| 4 | |
The revolutions of 1848 failed for all of the following reasons EXCEPT |
| | A) | the victorious classes and nationalities split after their initial successes because of their divergent interests. |
| | B) | the revolutionaries failed to seize control of the armies and other institutions of coercive power. |
| | C) | the revolutionaries' use of terror alienated the great majority of people. |
| | D) | liberal nations were unwilling to go to war on behalf of revolutionary principles. |
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| 5 | |
The revolutions of 1848 accomplished all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | creation of an enduring republic in France. |
| | B) | establishment of constitutionalism in Prussia and Piedmont. |
| | C) | emancipation of the serfs in eastern Prussia and Austria. |
| | D) | ending the illusions of broad solidarity among revolutionaries of all classes. |
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| 6 | |
Nationalism |
| | A) | is an age-old sentiment arising spontaneously. |
| | B) | is a modern phenomenon often requiring generations of propaganda. |
| | C) | is based on biological differences in appearance and mental ability. |
| | D) | invariably strengthens the power of the state. |
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| 7 | |
Nationalism was initially associated with liberalism because both |
| | A) | opposed Europe's dynastic states and cosmopolitan aristocracies. |
| | B) | desired to establish open markets and competitive economies. |
| | C) | wished to strengthen national economies through government programs. |
| | D) | sought the liberation of the individual through limitations on the power of the state. |
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| 8 | |
Napoleon III's reign was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | ambitious programs for social welfare and economic growth. |
| | B) | support for workers' organizations and the right to strike. |
| | C) | gradual liberalization of political institutions. |
| | D) | foreign successes that enhanced France's security. |
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| 9 | |
Russia's major opponents in the Crimean War included all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | the Ottoman Empire. |
| | B) | Piedmont. |
| | C) | France. |
| | D) | England. |
| | E) | Austria. |
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| 10 | |
Piedmont joined the allies in the Crimean War in order to |
| | A) | gain an international forum for discussing Italian issues. |
| | B) | participate in a glorious military campaign. |
| | C) | reduce the power of the Ottoman Turks. |
| | D) | cripple Russian naval power in the Mediterranean Sea. |
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| 11 | |
The unification of Italy was facilitated by all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | Giuseppe Mazzini's nationalist agitation, which raised hopes and expectations despite defeat in 1848. |
| | B) | Cavour's aggressive diplomacy, which gained French support for the defeat of Austria in North Italy. |
| | C) | Garabaldi's "Expedition of the Thousand," which beat the Kingdom of Naples in Sicily and South Italy. |
| | D) | Victor Emmanuel's campaign in 1860, which overran the Papal States and made Rome the capital of Italy. |
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| 12 | |
Which of the following was NOT a problem Italy faced after unification in 1861? |
| | A) | Lack of control of Venetia and Rome (which was rectified in 1866 and 1871). |
| | B) | Regional animosities that split the North and the South (still a factor today). |
| | C) | Widespread poverty and corruption (both still problems, particularly the latter). |
| | D) | Lack of ambition in foreign policy (an ongoing aversion to Great Power politics). |
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| 13 | |
Prussia's growing dominance of Germany stemmed from |
| | A) | its leaders' historic role as Holy Roman Emperors. |
| | B) | its economic leadership through the Zollverein. |
| | C) | Austria's non-German preoccupations. |
| | D) | the dynamism provided by Otto von Bismarck. |
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| 14 | |
Bismarck used all of the following wars to unify Germany under Prussia EXCEPT |
| | A) | the 1864 war of Prussia and Austria against Denmark, which established Prussia's equality with Austria. |
| | B) | the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, which enabled Prussia to form the North German Confederation. |
| | C) | the Prusso-Dutch War in 1868, which brought central Germany into confederation with Prussia. |
| | D) | the Franco-Prussian War of 1871, which drew the south German states into the new German Empire. |
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| 15 | |
Bismarck's success in unifying Germany while defying Prussia's parliament suggests that |
| | A) | nationalism was stronger than liberalism. |
| | B) | nationalism and liberalism went hand-in-hand. |
| | C) | nationalism ultimately served the purposes of liberalism. |
| | D) | nationalism is ultimately incompatible with liberalism. |
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| 16 | |
Russia undertook all of the following reforms in response to the Crimean War EXCEPT |
| | A) | abolishing serfdom. |
| | B) | strengthening village communes. |
| | C) | creating a national parliament. |
| | D) | strengthening provincial representative institutions. |
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| 17 | |
The Habsburgs reformed their state after their defeat by the Prussians in 1866 by |
| | A) | creating the long-deferred national parliament. |
| | B) | giving the Hungarians autonomy and equal status. |
| | C) | abolishing serfdom. |
| | D) | breaking the power of the wealthy landlords and merchants. |
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| 18 | |
The structure of cultural life changed in the early nineteenth century in all of the following ways EXCEPT |
| | A) | the professionalization of artists. |
| | B) | the merging of high and popular culture. |
| | C) | the proliferation of public facilities for the arts. |
| | D) | the identification of artistic taste with social status. |
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| 19 | |
By the middle of the nineteenth century, Romanticism began to give way to |
| | A) | Surrealism. |
| | B) | Modernism. |
| | C) | Existentialism. |
| | D) | Impressionism. |
| | E) | Surrealism. |
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| 20 | |
The three elements of Hegel's dialectical schema of history included all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | the thesis, the dominant themes and institutions of a civilization. |
| | B) | the antithesis, the reaction against the thesis because no institutions can address all human needs equally. |
| | C) | the parathesis, the partial measures taken by both the thesis and antithesis to accommodate the other. |
| | D) | the synthesis, the reconciliation of the thesis and antithesis, which becomes a new thesis. |
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