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| 1 | |
The Bolsheviks came to power in Russia through all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | the tsar lost power to the Provisional Government because of disillusionment with war and poverty. |
| | B) | the Provisional Government lost power to the Bolsheviks because of disillusionment with war and poverty. |
| | C) | the Bolsheviks seized and held on to power because they were phenomenally determined and disciplined. |
| | D) | the mystic Rasputin was angry with the royal family, so he sold his soul for the power to destroy it. |
| | E) | the Bolsheviks outmaneuvered their Menshevik adversaries. |
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| 2 | |
The New Economic Policy |
| | A) | imposed communism on Russia through collectivization and the five-year plans. |
| | B) | permitted small businesses and peasant enterprise to help rebuild the country. |
| | C) | intensified and extended "war communism" to cope with the threat of civil war. |
| | D) | accepted private ownership of major industries while taking over the small businesses. |
| | E) | created a system of penal institutions, or "gulags," to deal with dissidents. |
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| 3 | |
Fascism manifested discontents rooted in all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | peasant unrest, labor conflicts, and ongoing political turmoil. |
| | B) | inflation. |
| | C) | unemployment. |
| | D) | disillusionment about the peace treaty. |
| | E) | war weariness. |
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| 4 | |
All of the following characterized Fascist rule in Italy EXCEPT |
| | A) | the leader of the party, Mussolini, ruled by decree. |
| | B) | opposition parties were outlawed and suppressed. |
| | C) | economic life was regulated by confederations of employers and workers. |
| | D) | people's lives gradually improved as per capita output and the real wage rose. |
| | E) | the civil service and judiciary was purged of anyone who was too independent. |
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| 5 | |
Freud's theories made people particularly uncomfortable for all of the following reasons EXCEPT |
| | A) | they involved sex, which was a taboo subject in nineteenth-century middle-class society. |
| | B) | they were explicit and therefore threatened the delicate balance of forces within people's psyches. |
| | C) | they undercut the security people derived from feeling that they could control the world rationally. |
| | D) | they came at a time when all other facets of the culture were validating the liberal consensus. |
| | E) | they held that civilization was based on repression of the primitive and still very powerful drives that might burst forth at any moment. |
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| 6 | |
Philosophy, literature, and the arts all shared |
| | A) | a conviction that reason held the key to understanding and organizing human affairs. |
| | B) | a fear that the irrational would subvert all that was valuable in modern Western civilization. |
| | C) | a denial of the ability of human reason to connect people to the ultimate sources of truth. |
| | D) | an insistence that reason and feeling must co-exist and are resolvable eclectically on an ad hoc basis. |
| | E) | an unshakeable belief in the iron laws of nature. |
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| 7 | |
The Newtonian synthesis was shattered by all of the following insights into physical reality EXCEPT |
| | A) | Einstein's discovery that length, mass, and time are not absolute, but change with relative velocity. |
| | B) | Heisenberg's proof that there are physical limits to what can be known. |
| | C) | both scientists' realization that physical reality is affected by the observer's condition and intervention. |
| | D) | the fact that Newtonian physics is accurate enough for most human purposes. |
| | E) | with respect to sub-atomic particles, Newtonian physics was completely wrong. |
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| 8 | |
Less spectacular advances in other sciences included all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | the isolation of viruses and the development of antibiotics in medicine. |
| | B) | discoveries about the nature of heredity and their application to agriculture. |
| | C) | the application of statistical tools to the study of human society. |
| | D) | the refinement of thermodynamics and the explosive creativity of the Bauhaus. |
| | E) | the use of statistical tools to analyze how societies function. |
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| 9 | |
The 1920s saw the arrival of an exciting new art form: |
| | A) | burlesque. |
| | B) | the novel. |
| | C) | opera. |
| | D) | poetry. |
| | E) | movies. |
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| 10 | |
European culture was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | science and the arts alike lost contact with the everyday experience of and relevance to ordinary people. |
| | B) | the creators of high culture began to see popular culture as an invaluable source of inspiration. |
| | C) | movies, magazines, and books proliferated and popularized themes and images drawn from high culture. |
| | D) | some high cultural trends, like the celebration of violence, paralleled similar trends in popular culture. |
| | E) | every country had some ministry to cultivate and/or restrain film content. |
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| 11 | |
Democratic governments in eastern and southern Europe generally lost power to regimes that were |
| | A) | communist, modeled on the Soviet Union. |
| | B) | fascist, combining authoritarian rule with popular mobilization. |
| | C) | authoritarian, based on a strongman fronting for the old upper classes. |
| | D) | Nazi, following the German lead in implementing fascism plus race war. |
| | E) | hybrids that borrowed from authoritarian models but kept mildly social democratic welfare states. |
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| 12 | |
By 1932 the Great Depression was so bad that all of the following were true EXCEPT |
| | A) | the world was producing only two-thirds as many manufactured goods as in 1928. |
| | B) | 13,000,000 Americans, 6,000,000 Germans, and 3,000,000 English people were unemployed. |
| | C) | Germany stopped paying reparations, and the ex-Allied countries stopped paying their war debts. |
| | D) | a series of communist revolutions broke out across Europe, inspired by Russia's success. |
| | E) | countries began to withdraw investment from foreign countries. |
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| 13 | |
Hitler and the Nazis were able to come to power in Germany because of all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | Hitler's messianic speaking style, his angry yet hopeful message, wealthy patrons, and the use of violence. |
| | B) | the long-term dissatisfactions of many Germans with the defeat in World War I and social upheavals after. |
| | C) | the immediate misery caused by the Great Depression, which the Weimar republic seemed unable to solve. |
| | D) | Hitler sold his soul to the Devil to avenge having to work as a male prostitute in pre-World War I Vienna. |
| | E) | the inability of democratic institutions to take root after the First World War. |
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| 14 | |
Nazi rule during the 1930s was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | creation of a party structure paralleling, and increasingly dominating, state organizations. |
| | B) | outlawing, arresting, and murdering opponents within and outside the party, and especially targeting Jews. |
| | C) | gradual softening of the party's ideological positions as it adapted to the responsibilities of power. |
| | D) | massive government works projects and rearmament, which quickly reduced unemployment. |
| | E) | borrowed ideas from Moeller van den Bruck's The Third Reich which advocated a corporative and nationalist regime. |
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| 15 | |
After Lenin died, leadership in the Soviet Union went to |
| | A) | Stalin. |
| | B) | Trotsky. |
| | C) | Bukharin. |
| | D) | a collective leadership including all three. |
| | E) | Zinoviev. |
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| 16 | |
The Five Year Plans accomplished all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | collectivizing agriculture, despite massive resistance, deportations, and famines that killed millions. |
| | B) | making the USSR the world's third largest producer, increasing steel by five times and electricity by 24. |
| | C) | increasing literacy rates from below 50 percent to above 80 percent, and raising the standard of living. |
| | D) | ending the need for strict political controls because of widespread satisfaction with the economic growth. |
| | E) | the creation of Machine Tractor Stations where large farm machinery could be concentrated in a place that could serve as base of operations for agricultural agents and party officials. |
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| 17 | |
The divisive social changes plaguing the democracies included all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | increasing capitalization costs for farmers. |
| | B) | increasingly structured and pressured factory production lines. |
| | C) | increasing ethnic tensions caused by mass migrations of laborers. |
| | D) | increasing distance between elite and popular cultures. |
| | E) | a massive failure of confidence among the middle class. |
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| 18 | |
Individual freedom, human dignity, and social justice were championed by all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | Alfred Rosenberg and Giovonni Gentile. |
| | B) | Nikolai Berdyaev and Martin Buber. |
| | C) | W. H. Auden, Thomas Mann, and André Malraux. |
| | D) | Karl Barth and Jacques Maritain. |
| | E) | Martin Buber. |
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| 19 | |
Keynesian economics insisted that faced with depression, instead of cutting spending to balance their budgets, |
| | A) | governments should "prime the pump" with deficit spending to stimulate demand for goods and services. |
| | B) | individuals should use credit cards to buy things in order to stimulate demand for goods and services. |
| | C) | businesses should take out loans and expand their operations to capitalize on low prices and wages. |
| | D) | banks should lend aggressively in order to stimulate increased production for the market. |
| | E) | governments should not hesitate to nationalize the means of production until the crisis had passed. |
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| 20 | |
The Spanish Civil War was a crucial development during the 1930s because |
| | A) | it demonstrated that the democracies lacked the will to oppose aggression in Europe. |
| | B) | it created a strong new Fascist power that played a vital role in World War II. |
| | C) | it offered an opportunity for the West and Russia to cooperate as they would later in the war. |
| | D) | it proved that aggression would be met by forceful action by the democracies, deterring war. |
| | E) | it gave the democracies the opportunities to perfect new weapons technologies. |
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