 |
| 1 | |
Paramecium is a common |
| | A) | ciliate. |
| | B) | euglenoid. |
| | C) | diatom. |
| | D) | chlorophyte. |
| | E) | sporozoan. |
|
|
|
| 2 | |
The White Cliffs of Dover are made up largely of |
| | A) | plasmodia. |
| | B) | dinoflagellates. |
| | C) | euglenoids. |
| | D) | diatoms. |
| | E) | foraminifera. |
|
|
|
| 3 | |
Which of the following statements most accurately reflect the problems with classification using the category of "protists"? |
| | A) | The grouping is paraphyletic because it excludes groups, such as plants, which are descendents from ancestors of green algae. |
| | B) | Monophyletic clades have been found within the protists, preventing them from forming a coherent group. |
| | C) | Some taxonomists argue for certain members of the group to be classified in new kingdoms. |
| | D) | Protists, like plants, animals, and fungi, are eukaryotes, and so should be incorporated into those kingdoms. |
| | E) | Protists are so diverse that it's pointless to try to organize them into related lines of descent |
|
|
|
| 4 | |
What evidence is there for the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria? |
| | A) | Prokaryote-like genes are found in the nucleus of eukaryotes which appear to have moved from the ancestral engulfed prokaryote into the eukaryote's genome. |
| | B) | The structure of DNA in chloroplasts and mitochondria is circular and without centromeres and telomeres. |
| | C) | Extra membranes around chloroplasts and mitochondria seem to have persisted from the original engulfing event. |
| | D) | There is no scientific evidence of endosymbiosis. |
| | E) | All of the above are evidence of endosymbiosis. |
|
|
|
| 5 | |
How are protists valuable for understanding the evolutionary origin of mitosis? |
| | A) | Various intermediary strategies may be viewed as "missing links" that help define the spectrum of events which culminated in the events we see in more advanced eukaryotes. |
| | B) | Asymmetric divisions which lead to budding can be viewed as an ancestral version of mitosis. |
| | C) | Schizogony represents the most primitive form of mitotic divisions, and can be seen in most mitotic divisions today. |
| | D) | They represent a coherent system in which experimentation can be easily done. |
| | E) | Because they're small, they divide rapidly and so it's easy to find cells in each stage of the process of division. |
|
|
|
| 6 | |
What is the evidence that diplomonads such as Giardia once had mitochondria but lost them secondarily? |
| | A) | They use their cell membranes in a way similar to the way the inner membrane of mitochondria works. |
| | B) | They are obligate anaerobes. |
| | C) | They have in their genome genes which are very similar to those found in mitochondria. |
| | D) | They contain two nuclei. |
| | E) | They have remnant mitochondrial DNA loosely associated within the cytoplasm. |
|
|
|
| 7 | |
Why is it so hard to develop a vaccine against Chagas disease (caused by trypanosomes which are spread through tsetse fly bites)? |
| | A) | The tsetse fly's gut removes the surface of the trypanosome so that antibodies cannot bind it. |
| | B) | Trypanosomes are too small for a vaccine to work on them. |
| | C) | Trypanosomes have thousands of variable antigen genes from which to select, making it hard to develop an antibody which will consistently bind to them. |
| | D) | There are no proteins in trypanosomes, and therefore they have no antigens. |
| | E) | Vaccines can't work against protists. |
|
|
|
| 8 | |
Plasmodium is an apicomplexan which causes which serious disease, a leading killer worldwide? |
| | A) | AIDS |
| | B) | Malaria |
| | C) | Dengue fever |
| | D) | Chagas disease |
| | E) | Red tide |
|
|
|
| 9 | |
What structure would be most diagnostic of a member of the stramenopila? |
| | A) | Being covered with hair (cilia) all over their surface. |
| | B) | Causing the growth of cilia upon infecting a host cell. |
| | C) | Presence of a silica shell. |
| | D) | Having a flagellum that has "furry" extensions on it. |
| | E) | Presence of a special carbohydrate called chrysolaminarin. |
|
|
|
| 10 | |
How might we explain the differences between RNA polymerase II between red algae and green algae, despite genetic similarity between chloroplasts? |
| | A) | By absorbing red light, the red algae are less likely to experience mutation, thereby allowing the green algae to diverge genetically. |
| | B) | Similarities of genes are purely coincidental. |
| | C) | Different host cells engulfed the same bacterial symbiont. |
| | D) | Rhodophyta use prokaryote-style RNA polymerases, while the green algae are true eukaryotes. |
| | E) | Horizontal gene transfer of RNA polymerase probably happened in the history of Rhodophyta, replacing its RNA polymerase. |
|
|
|
| 11 | |
Choanoflagellates are most closely related to which of these organisms? |
| | A) | Sponges |
| | B) | Land plants |
| | C) | Chlorophyta |
| | D) | Stramenopila |
| | E) | Euglenozoa |
|
|
|
| 12 | |
In a plasmodial slime mold, what behavior occurs in the plasmodium "form"? |
| | A) | Seeking out mates |
| | B) | Feeding |
| | C) | Encysting |
| | D) | Production of spores |
| | E) | This phase is taken on in preparation to make a "slug". |
|
|
|
| 13 | |
What structure was ultimately responsible for the establishment of a nuclear envelope? |
| | A) | Changes in the DNA composition allowed phospholipids to accumulate around the chromatin, forming a barrier. |
| | B) | The rough ER and smooth ER formed to increase the membrane surface area, eventually surrounding the nucleus. |
| | C) | The nuclear envelope occurred as a result of the cell's improvements in metabolic efficiency, leaving additional energy available for the production of intracellular compartments. |
| | D) | Infoldings of the cell membrane gradually increased to allow the cell to achieve larger volumes. Eventually partitioning of the nucleus provided additional control over gene expression. |
| | E) | Natural selection favors complexity, and thus the nuclear envelope gradually was established. |
|
|
|
| 14 | |
The kinetoplastids have a conspicuous organelle for which they are named. What is the role of the kinetoplastid? |
| | A) | It attracts mates. |
| | B) | It is photosynthetic. |
| | C) | It stores DNA for sexual reproduction. |
| | D) | It is their mitochondrion. |
| | E) | The kinetoplastid acts as a spore which can survive adverse conditions. |
|
|
|
| 15 | |
The namesake for alveolata is the collection of membrane stacks just under their cell membrane. What is their likely purpose? |
| | A) | They make the cells buoyant. |
| | B) | They discourage predators. |
| | C) | They're probably used for membrane transport activities. |
| | D) | Because of these vesicles, they can protect themselves from the immune system of their host cells. |
| | E) | They help make the cells "sparkle" at night in warm ocean water. |
|
|
.