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| 1 | |
Herbal remedies are considered by many to be natural, and therefore safer than pharmaceutically-derived drugs. What argument supports the premise that it is a good idea to regulate distribution of herbs as a medicine? |
| | A) | Secondary metabolites originally evolved as a defense mechanism to harm animals and so they are potent even in small doses. |
| | B) | Pharmaceuticals are usually just concentrated alkaloids, and so are no different from infusions from plant material. |
| | C) | Only agriculturally-derived varieties of plants are free from metabolites that would otherwise hurt consumers. |
| | D) | All of the above are reasonable arguments. |
| | E) | Herbal remedies are, because they're natural, completely safe, and therefore none of these arguments are valid. |
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| 2 | |
How can plants signal insect "help" when being eaten by caterpillars? |
| | A) | They have proteinase inhibitors which starve the caterpillars. The weak animals can't move to evade the carnivores which are attracted by the sluggish prey. |
| | B) | The plants emit low-frequency vibrations which rouse mutualistic protectors to come to their aid. |
| | C) | While being eaten, nectaries are stimulated to create rewards to attract predators who can then attack the pest. |
| | D) | Plants cluster in arrangements where their combined chemicals provide natural protection against specific invaders. When being consumed, they secrete chemicals which stimulate germination of appropriate neighbours. |
| | E) | Volatile chemicals are released during herbivore feeding, which attract wasps that lay their eggs on the pest. The larvae then consume the herbivore. |
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| 3 | |
What is the easiest way to tell if an attacked plant is exhibiting a hypersensitive response? |
| | A) | You can look at the types of RNA present in the cytoplasm of an infected cell and identify specific genetic responses. |
| | B) | Necrotic (dead) regions of the plant near the source of infection quickly appear. |
| | C) | Assess the stomata for leaking nitric oxide. |
| | D) | Assess the stomata for leaking hydrogen peroxide. |
| | E) | Look for thickening of the epidermis near the region of infection. |
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| 4 | |
Which of the following chemicals do not help plants repel or poison invaders? |
| | A) | cyanogenic glycosides |
| | B) | alkaloids |
| | C) | tannins |
| | D) | carbohydrates |
| | E) | plant oils |
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| 5 | |
What role do tannins play in protecting plants from herbivores? |
| | A) | They overstimulate the herbivore's nervous system. |
| | B) | They're toxic. |
| | C) | Tannins are similar to neurotransmitters, causing hallucinations. |
| | D) | They provide "gateways" to alternative metabolic pathways which result in the herbivore becoming ill. |
| | E) | Proteins bind to tannins and lose or reduce their effectiveness in normal metabolism. |
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| 6 | |
What is the force which causes plants and mutualistic "protectors" to benefit from each other? |
| | A) | Convergent evolution |
| | B) | Homologous structures |
| | C) | Analogous structures |
| | D) | Artificial selection |
| | E) | Coevolution |
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| 7 | |
Plants such as peppermint and sage contain oils. What is the function of these oils? |
| | A) | They help keep the plant from drying out. |
| | B) | They help repel insects. |
| | C) | They keep other plants from germinating nearby. |
| | D) | They prevent fungal infection. |
| | E) | They have hormone-like activity that helps wounds heal. |
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| 8 | |
Mycorrhizal fungi form beneficial relationships with plants by |
| | A) | enhancing uptake of water and minerals. |
| | B) | increasing photosynthesis. |
| | C) | increasing the rate of CO2 fixation. |
| | D) | enhancing the plant's immune response. |
| | E) | protecting the roots from pathogens. |
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| 9 | |
Plants protect themselves from their own toxins by |
| | A) | Secreting the toxins outside their cell walls. |
| | B) | Releasing the volatile compounds into the environment. |
| | C) | sequestering them in vesicles. |
| | D) | producing compounds that are not toxic until they are ingested by a predator. |
| | E) | sequestering them in vesicles and producing compounds that are not toxic until they are ingested by a predator. |
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| 10 | |
Allelopathic plants secrete chemicals to block seed germination or inhibit growth of nearby plants in order to |
| | A) | minimize competition for resources such as light and nutrients. |
| | B) | maintain an area near the plant available for the germination of its own seeds. |
| | C) | allow a larger area for water to pool near the plant. |
| | D) | increase the space available for growth. |
| | E) | speed germination of plants outside the area occupied by the plant. |
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| 11 | |
Casparian strips in roots contain _______, which helps to defend against invaders. |
| | A) | wax |
| | B) | suberin |
| | C) | cutin |
| | D) | cuticle |
| | E) | toxins |
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| 12 | |
All of these are used to protect the nutrient-rich plant interior EXCEPT |
| | A) | silica inclusions |
| | B) | root hairs |
| | C) | trichomes |
| | D) | bark |
| | E) | thorns |
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| 13 | |
One example of mutualistic relationships in plants is the relationship between |
| | A) | walnut trees and aphids. |
| | B) | alfalfa and beetles. |
| | C) | acacia trees and ants. |
| | D) | Tomato and fungi. |
| | E) | Corn and weevil. |
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| 14 | |
After exposure to a pathogen, a plant may be protected against pathogen attack in the short-term future through a mechanism called |
| | A) | acquired immune resistance. |
| | B) | acute pathogen protection. |
| | C) | systemic immune resistance. |
| | D) | phloem resistance modulation. |
| | E) | systemic acquired resistance. |
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| 15 | |
Which of the following pairings is an example of coevolution of an organism's metabolism to resist a plant's evolved chemical defense? |
| | A) | The butterfly Helioconius sara and the glycosides produced by the passion flower vine. |
| | B) | The tobacco hornworm and the tannins in tobacco plants. |
| | C) | Ants and acacia trees. |
| | D) | Humans and the glycosides in cassava. |
| | E) | Parasitoid wasps and the plants they eat. |
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