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| 1 | |
What is the sequence of events in earthworm movement?
1 = chaetae lose contact with ground
2 = chaetae dig into ground
3 = anterior circular muscles contract extending the body forward
4 = longitudinal muscles contract
5 = wave of circular muscle activity passes back in waves
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| | A) | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 |
| | B) | 3, 1, 5, 4, 2 |
| | C) | 3, 5, 1, 4, 2 |
| | D) | 4, 2, 3, 1, 5 |
| | E) | 4, 3, 2, 1, 5 |
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| 2 | |
Osteoblasts: |
| | A) | secrete alkaline phosphatase. |
| | B) | can turn into osteocytes. |
| | C) | can turn into osteoclasts. |
| | D) | are not associated with collagen fibers. |
| | E) | both secrete alkaline phosphatise AND can turn into osteocytes. |
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| 3 | |
Isotonic contraction of muscles is when: |
| | A) | the muscle attempts to shorten but cannot do so. |
| | B) | the force of contraction remains relatively constant throughout the contraction process. |
| | C) | the muscle goes into spasms. |
| | D) | the force of contraction varies throughout the contraction process. |
| | E) | none of the above |
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| 4 | |
What is required for striated muscles to contract? |
| | A) | release of calcium ions from troponin |
| | B) | binding of calcium ions to tropomyosin |
| | C) | binding of calcium ions to troponin |
| | D) | release of calcium ions from tropomyosin |
| | E) | none of the above |
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| 5 | |
Some insects beat their wings at frequencies faster than the nerves can carry successive impulses. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 6 | |
What is the most significant disadvantage of an exoskeleton in insects? |
| | A) | Chitin is not a strong as bone. |
| | B) | Periodic molting must occur to allow growth. |
| | C) | Muscles cannot enlarge in size and power with use. |
| | D) | The surface area to volume ratio limits size because gas exchange is by diffusion through tracheae. |
| | E) | None of these is the most significant disadvantage. |
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| 7 | |
Mature bone consists of: |
| | A) | hydroxyapatite crystals. |
| | B) | collagen and hydroxyapatite crystals. |
| | C) | calcium phosphate and collagen. |
| | D) | calcium phosphate. |
| | E) | sodium caltrate. |
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| 8 | |
Synovial joints: |
| | A) | are freely movable. |
| | B) | join bones together with a synovial capsule. |
| | C) | are common in vertebrates. |
| | D) | contain lubricating fluid. |
| | E) | all of these |
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| 9 | |
When vertebrate skeletal muscle contracts each myofilament shortens. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 10 | |
The physical constraints to movement - gravity and frictional drag - are the same in every environment, and are encountered by every animal. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 11 | |
During a muscle contraction, which of the following shortens? |
| | A) | Sarcomeres |
| | B) | A bands |
| | C) | Actin and myosin filaments |
| | D) | All of these |
| | E) | None of these |
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| 12 | |
Cross-bridges are made of |
| | A) | troponin. |
| | B) | tropomyosin. |
| | C) | myoglobin. |
| | D) | myosin. |
| | E) | actin. |
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| 13 | |
Which of the following is a requirement for coordinated movements? |
| | A) | A short relaxation time between successive muscle twitches. |
| | B) | The division of muscle into motor units. |
| | C) | Slow- and fast-twitch fibers. |
| | D) | Summation of muscle twitches. |
| | E) | None of the above. |
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| 14 | |
When a somatic motor neuron delivers electrochemical impulses to stimulate the contraction of muscle fibers, it releases which of the following? |
| | A) | norepinephrine |
| | B) | dopamine |
| | C) | glumate |
| | D) | acetylcholine |
| | E) | endorphins |
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| 15 | |
Muscle fibers store Ca2+ in which of the following? |
| | A) | transverse tubules |
| | B) | sarcolemma |
| | C) | muscle cell membranes |
| | D) | canaliculi |
| | E) | sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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