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| 1 | |
Olfactory nerves pass from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulbs through the |
| | A) | external auditory meatus. |
| | B) | cribriform plate. |
| | C) | nasolacrimal duct. |
| | D) | mastoid sinus. |
| | E) | olfactory tract. |
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| 2 | |
Sensory receptors for smell are |
| | A) | chemoreceptors. |
| | B) | mechanoreceptors. |
| | C) | nociceptors. |
| | D) | photoreceptors. |
| | E) | thermoreceptors. |
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| 3 | |
The __________ is responsible for visceral and emotional reactions to odors and has connections to the limbic system. |
| | A) | intermediate olfactory area |
| | B) | lateral olfactory area |
| | C) | medial olfactory area |
| | D) | olfactory bulb |
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| 4 | |
Olfactory neurons |
| | A) | are always unipolar neurons. |
| | B) | are replaced every two months. |
| | C) | have axons that contain olfactory vesicles. |
| | D) | synapse directly with association neurons. |
| | E) | all of these |
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| 5 | |
Taste buds are associated with all of these types of papillae on the tongue EXCEPT |
| | A) | circumvallate. |
| | B) | filiform. |
| | C) | foliate. |
| | D) | fungiform. |
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| 6 | |
Which of these is not considered one of the five primary tastes? |
| | A) | sweet |
| | B) | salty |
| | C) | minty |
| | D) | sour |
| | E) | bitter |
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| 7 | |
Taste information is relayed to the tractus solitarius of the medulla oblongata by |
| | A) | cranial nerve VII (Facial). |
| | B) | cranial nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal). |
| | C) | cranial nerve V (Trigeminal). |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 8 | |
The angles where the eyelids join at the medial and lateral margins of the eye are called |
| | A) | canthi. |
| | B) | caruncles. |
| | C) | palpebral fissures. |
| | D) | ciliary glands. |
| | E) | tarsal plates. |
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| 9 | |
Given these structures:
1. lacrimal canaliculi
2. lacrimal ducts
3. lacrimal sac
4. nasolacrimal duct
5. puncta
List the structures in the correct order that tears would flow through them after being produced in the lacrimal gland. |
| | A) | 1,2,3,4,5 |
| | B) | 2,5,1,3,4 |
| | C) | 3,1,4,2,5 |
| | D) | 4,5,1,2,3 |
| | E) | 5,1,3,4,2 |
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| 10 | |
The fibrous tunic of the eye includes |
| | A) | the choroid. |
| | B) | the cornea. |
| | C) | the iris. |
| | D) | the sclera. |
| | E) | both b and d |
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| 11 | |
Which of these muscles is innervated by sympathetic fibers? |
| | A) | ciliary muscles |
| | B) | dilator pupillae muscles |
| | C) | extrinsic eye muscles |
| | D) | sphincter pupillae muscles |
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| 12 | |
Physical characteristics of the cornea include each of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | outer surface consisting of stratified squamous epithelium. |
| | B) | fewer large collagen fibers and more proteoglycans than the sclera. |
| | C) | inner surface consisting of simple squamous epithelium. |
| | D) | highly vascular structure, functioning as part of the focusing system of the eye. |
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| 13 | |
Which of these parts of the eye normally NEVER has melanin present? |
| | A) | choroid |
| | B) | ciliary body |
| | C) | iris |
| | D) | retina |
| | E) | vitreous humor |
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| 14 | |
The blind spot of the eye is the |
| | A) | anterior chamber. |
| | B) | ciliary body. |
| | C) | fovea centralis. |
| | D) | macula lutea. |
| | E) | optic disc. |
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| 15 | |
Aqueous humor |
| | A) | is found in the anterior compartment of the eye. |
| | B) | is produced by the ciliary processes. |
| | C) | helps maintain intraocular pressure. |
| | D) | provides nutrition for the cornea and lens. |
| | E) | all of these |
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| 16 | |
In the electromagnetic spectrum, which of these forms of electromagnetic energy has the longest wavelength? |
| | A) | gamma rays |
| | B) | infrared |
| | C) | UV light |
| | D) | visible light |
| | E) | X-rays |
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| 17 | |
Of these colors of the visible spectrum, which has the longest wavelength? |
| | A) | blue |
| | B) | green |
| | C) | purple |
| | D) | red |
| | E) | yellow |
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| 18 | |
Refraction |
| | A) | occurs when light encounters an object that is not transparent. |
| | B) | occurs when light travels through a dense medium, such as water. |
| | C) | occurs when light travels from one transparent medium to another. |
| | D) | is responsible for the color of objects we see. |
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| 19 | |
Normally, emmetropia occurs in the eye when viewing objects |
| | A) | closer than 5 feet from the eye. |
| | B) | 5 feet or more from the eye. |
| | C) | closer than 20 feet from the eye. |
| | D) | 20 feet or more from the eye. |
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| 20 | |
Which of these processes occurs when viewing a nearby object (i.e., an object you are holding in your hand)? |
| | A) | accommodation |
| | B) | dilation of the pupils |
| | C) | divergence of the eyes |
| | D) | all of these |
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| 21 | |
The greatest amount of refraction in the eye occurs when light enters the |
| | A) | aqueous humor. |
| | B) | cornea. |
| | C) | lens. |
| | D) | pupil. |
| | E) | vitreous humor. |
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| 22 | |
When ciliary muscles contract, |
| | A) | tension is increased on the suspensory ligaments. |
| | B) | the choroid is pulled toward the lens. |
| | C) | the lens gets flatter. |
| | D) | the focal point moves closer to the lens. |
| | E) | all of these |
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| 23 | |
Given these layers of neurons in the sensory retina:
1. bipolar layer
2. ganglionic layer
3. photoreceptor layer
List these layers in the correct order they are encountered as light passes from the vitreous humor through the sensory retina. |
| | A) | 1,2,3 |
| | B) | 1,3,2 |
| | C) | 2,1,3 |
| | D) | 2,3,1 |
| | E) | 3,1,2 |
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| 24 | |
Rod cells are __________ neurons, and cone cells are __________ neurons. |
| | A) | bipolar, bipolar |
| | B) | bipolar, unipolar |
| | C) | unipolar, bipolar |
| | D) | unipolar, unipolar |
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| 25 | |
When light strikes a photoreceptor cell, Na+ ion channels __________ , so __________ Na+ ions enter the cell, and __________ glutamate is released from the cell. As a result, the postsynaptic bipolar cell __________ . |
| | A) | open, more, more, hyperpolarizes |
| | B) | open, more, less, depolarizes |
| | C) | open, fewer, more, hyperpolarizes |
| | D) | close, fewer, more, hyperpolarizes |
| | E) | close, fewer, less, depolarizes |
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| 26 | |
During dark adaptation, |
| | A) | the amount of rhodopsin decreases. |
| | B) | the pupils dilate. |
| | C) | a smaller amount of time is required than for light adaptation. |
| | D) | mostly cones are involved. |
| | E) | all of these |
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| 27 | |
Cone cells |
| | A) | contain the photoreceptive molecule rhodopsin. |
| | B) | are abundant throughout the retina, but are absent at the fovea centralis. |
| | C) | function in color vision and visual acuity. |
| | D) | contain a photoreceptive part that is cylindrical in shape. |
| | E) | function primarily in low light conditions. |
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| 28 | |
Given these parts of the retina:
1. bipolar cells
2. ganglion cells
3. optic disc
4. optic nerve
5. photoreceptor cells
List the parts in the order an action potential travels through them after light strikes the retina. |
| | A) | 1,2,5,3,4 |
| | B) | 2,1,5,4,3 |
| | C) | 3,2,1,4,5 |
| | D) | 5,2,1,3,4 |
| | E) | 5,1,2,3,4 |
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| 29 | |
Axons from the nasal retina project to the __________ side of the brain; axons from the temporal retina project to the __________ side of the brain. |
| | A) | same, same |
| | B) | same, opposite |
| | C) | opposite, same |
| | D) | opposite, opposite |
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| 30 | |
Damage to the optic chiasm may result in |
| | A) | blindness in the right eye. |
| | B) | blindness in the left eye. |
| | C) | visual loss of the temporal half of each eye field. |
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| 31 | |
The condition that occurs if the eyeball is too long, or if the cornea or lens is optically too strong is called |
| | A) | astigmatism. |
| | B) | hyperopia. |
| | C) | myopia. |
| | D) | presbyopia. |
| | E) | strabismus |
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| 32 | |
All of the following structures are found in the middle ear EXCEPT |
| | A) | malleus, incus, and stapes. |
| | B) | tensor tympani muscle. |
| | C) | stapedius muscle. |
| | D) | auditory (Eustachian) tube. |
| | E) | cochlea. |
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| 33 | |
Which of these structures contains perilymph? |
| | A) | cochlear duct |
| | B) | utricle |
| | C) | semicircular canals |
| | D) | scala vestibuli |
| | E) | all of these |
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| 34 | |
Given these parts of the inner ear:
1. oval window
2. round window
3. scala tympani
4. scala vestibuli
5. helicotrema
List the correct order in which vibrations travel through the cochlea when the stapes is vibrated. |
| | A) | 1,2,3,4,5 |
| | B) | 1,4,5,3,2 |
| | C) | 2,4,5,3,1 |
| | D) | 3,2,4,5,1 |
| | E) | 4,2,3,1,5 |
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| 35 | |
When pressure waves distort the __________ membrane, hair cells that rest on it are moved relative to the __________ membrane, which is stationary. As a result, hair cells become bent, resulting in depolarization. |
| | A) | basilar, tectorial |
| | B) | basilar, vestibular |
| | C) | tectorial, basilar |
| | D) | tectorial, vestibular |
| | E) | vestibular, tectorial |
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| 36 | |
High pitched sound |
| | A) | causes the displacement of the basilar membrane near the oval window. |
| | B) | causes the displacement of the basilar membrane some distance from the oval window. |
| | C) | does not cause the displacement of the basilar membrane. |
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| 37 | |
Damage to sensory structures in the semicircular canals primarily affects the ability to detect |
| | A) | linear acceleration. |
| | B) | movement of the head in all directions. |
| | C) | the position of the head relative to the ground. |
| | D) | the position of the limbs. |
| | E) | all of these |
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| 38 | |
The specialized receptor structure found in the utricle and saccule is the |
| | A) | macula. |
| | B) | crista ampullaris. |
| | C) | organ of Corti. |
| | D) | cupula. |
| | E) | helicotrema. |
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| 39 | |
In the ampulla of each semicircular canal there is specialized sensory epithelium called the |
| | A) | macula. |
| | B) | crista ampullaris. |
| | C) | organ of Corti. |
| | D) | cupula. |
| | E) | helicotrema. |
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| 40 | |
The effects of aging on the special senses may include |
| | A) | a decreased sense of taste. |
| | B) | decreased flexibility of the lens of the eye. |
| | C) | decreased number of cone cells. |
| | D) | decreased numbers of hair cells in the cochlea. |
| | E) | all of the above |
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