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| 1 | |
In which of these compartments is Na+ concentration the lowest? |
| | A) | interstitial fluid |
| | B) | plasma |
| | C) | intracellular fluid |
| | D) | lymph |
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| 2 | |
Which statement concerning body fluid composition is correct? |
| | A) | Intracellular fluid contains a lower concentration of proteins than interstitial fluid. |
| | B) | Interstitial fluid contains a higher concentration of proteins than plasma. |
| | C) | Extracellular fluid contains a higher concentration of potassium than intracellular fluid. |
| | D) | Extracellular fluid contains a higher concentration of sodium than intracellular fluid. |
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| 3 | |
Which fluid compartment contains about 67% (by volume) of all body water? |
| | A) | intracellular fluid |
| | B) | plasma |
| | C) | lymph |
| | D) | extracellular fluid |
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| 4 | |
The fluid secreted into the stomach by the stomach lining is part of which fluid compartment? |
| | A) | transcellular |
| | B) | intracellular |
| | C) | interstitial |
| | D) | lymph |
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| 5 | |
In which choice are the major body fluid compartments ranked correctly in order of decreasing volume? |
| | A) | intracellular, plasma, interstitial |
| | B) | plasma, interstitial, intracellular |
| | C) | intracellular, interstitial, plasma |
| | D) | plasma, intracellular, interstitial |
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| 6 | |
About what percent of a young adult’s body weight is due to water? |
| | A) | 4 to 5% |
| | B) | 10 to 12% |
| | C) | 50 to 60% |
| | D) | 98 to 99% |
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| 7 | |
In which choice would the person on the left be most likely to have a lower body water content (by percent of body weight) than the person on the right? |
| | A) | person with 15% body fat / person with 5% body fat |
| | B) | male / female |
| | C) | baby / elderly person |
| | D) | normal / dehydrated |
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| 8 | |
Which of these body fluid compartments contains the highest concentration of proteins? |
| | A) | lymph |
| | B) | interstitial fluid |
| | C) | cerebrospinal fluid |
| | D) | intracellular |
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| 9 | |
Various tissues in the body have different levels of water content. Which of these has the lowest water content by volume? |
| | A) | skin |
| | B) | cardiac muscle tissue |
| | C) | skeletal muscle tissue |
| | D) | adipose tissue |
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| 10 | |
The capillary endothelium separates these two body fluid compartments. |
| | A) | ICF and ECF |
| | B) | ICF and interstitial fluid |
| | C) | cerebrospinal and brain tissue fluid |
| | D) | plasma and interstitial fluid |
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| 11 | |
Which mechanism is the main regulator of water intake? |
| | A) | amount of saliva being produced |
| | B) | thirst |
| | C) | small changes in ECF volume |
| | D) | changes in ECF pH |
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| 12 | |
A loss of body water would do which of the following? |
| | A) | inhibit the thirst center |
| | B) | cause stomach distention |
| | C) | stimulate osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus |
| | D) | inhibit ADH secretion |
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| 13 | |
Body water is lost through each of these organs EXCEPT the |
| | A) | kidneys |
| | B) | lungs |
| | C) | skin |
| | D) | muscles |
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| 14 | |
All of these factors help to cause ADH secretion EXCEPT |
| | A) | ingesting more water than is needed to balance water loss |
| | B) | stimulation of hypothalamic osmoreceptors |
| | C) | dehydration |
| | D) | increased ECF osmotic pressure |
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| 15 | |
All of these are effects of antidiuretic hormone EXCEPT |
| | A) | increased water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts |
| | B) | reduced urine osmolarity |
| | C) | increased permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts to water |
| | D) | reduced urine output |
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| 16 | |
Which condition is caused by water output exceeding water intake? |
| | A) | water intoxication |
| | B) | ADH hyposecretion |
| | C) | dehydration |
| | D) | increased blood volume |
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| 17 | |
A diuretic is which of the following? |
| | A) | a substance that causes water retention |
| | B) | a substance that causes increased urine production |
| | C) | a drug that may be administered in order to prevent water excretion in the urine |
| | D) | a drug that may be administered in order to reduce water loss through sweating |
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| 18 | |
Hyposecretion of ADH has this effect on urine volume and concentration. |
| | A) | increased volume and decreased concentration |
| | B) | increased volume and increased concentration |
| | C) | decreased volume and increased concentration |
| | D) | decreased volume and decreased concentration |
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| 19 | |
This hormone directly increases water reabsorption in the kidneys. |
| | A) | aldosterone |
| | B) | atrial natriuretic hormone |
| | C) | antidiuretic hormone |
| | D) | parathyroid hormone |
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| 20 | |
Which factor stimulates ADH secretion? |
| | A) | high ECF volume |
| | B) | high ECF osmolarity |
| | C) | high blood pressure |
| | D) | high blood calcium |
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| 21 | |
Hyposecretion of ADH causes |
| | A) | hypercalcemia |
| | B) | hyponatremia |
| | C) | diabetes mellitus |
| | D) | diabetes insipidus |
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| 22 | |
Thirst is caused by which of the following? |
| | A) | increased ECF volume |
| | B) | decreased ECF osmolarity |
| | C) | increased ECF osmolarity |
| | D) | decreased ICF volume |
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| 23 | |
Drinking too much water could cause each of these changes EXCEPT |
| | A) | decreased ECF osmolarity |
| | B) | decreased cell volumes |
| | C) | increased ECF volume |
| | D) | increased urine output |
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| 24 | |
When the body has to get rid of excess water, the mechanism that is used is |
| | A) | sweating |
| | B) | diarrhea |
| | C) | increased respiratory rate and depth |
| | D) | increased urine production |
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| 25 | |
A small amount of the daily water requirement is met by molecules produced during oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. This is referred to as |
| | A) | cutaneous water |
| | B) | metabolic water |
| | C) | transcellular water |
| | D) | free water |
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| 26 | |
A person who is dehydrated would exhibit all of these conditions EXCEPT |
| | A) | increased thirst |
| | B) | increased ADH secretion |
| | C) | increased urine output |
| | D) | increased urine osmolarity |
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| 27 | |
Which condition causes increased ECF osmolarity? |
| | A) | water intoxication |
| | B) | dehydration |
| | C) | hemorrhage |
| | D) | renal failure |
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| 28 | |
Which factor would cause a shift of water from the plasma to the interstitial fluid? |
| | A) | increased interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure |
| | B) | increased blood plasma colloid osmotic pressure |
| | C) | decreased blood (hydrostatic) pressure |
| | D) | increased blood (hydrostatic) pressure |
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| 29 | |
Which of these events will occur when a normal person is given isotonic fluids intravenously? |
| | A) | There is a net shift of fluid from plasma into interstitial fluid. |
| | B) | There is a net shift of fluid from interstitial fluid into plasma. |
| | C) | There is a net shift of fluid from the ECF into the cells. |
| | D) | There is a net shift of fluid from the ICF out of the cells. |
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| 30 | |
These are primarily responsible for the movement of fluid between plasma and interstitial fluids. |
| | A) | hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure |
| | B) | osmosis and active transport |
| | C) | primary and secondary active transport |
| | D) | membrane channels |
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| 31 | |
Which item is correctly matched with the area where it is located or secreted? |
| | A) | thirst center: hypothalamus |
| | B) | osmoreceptors: medulla oblongata |
| | C) | ADH secretion: anterior pituitary |
| | D) | aldosterone: adrenal medulla |
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| 32 | |
The interstitial fluid, plasma and lymph are part of which larger fluid compartment? |
| | A) | synovial fluid |
| | B) | transcellular fluid |
| | C) | intracellular fluid |
| | D) | extracellular fluid. |
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| 33 | |
An increase in the ECF Na+ levels would cause |
| | A) | red blood cells to swell |
| | B) | Na+ to shift out of the ICF and into the ECF |
| | C) | water to shift out of the ICF and into the ECF |
| | D) | water to shift out of the ECF and into the ICF |
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| 34 | |
Which statement is correct? |
| | A) | Aldosterone decreases Na+ reabsorption in the kidney tubules. |
| | B) | Aldosterone increases K+ reabsorption in the kidney tubules. |
| | C) | Parathyroid hormone increases blood Ca2+ levels. |
| | D) | Parathyroid hormone increases blood phosphate levels. |
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| 35 | |
Which of the following is true about hyponatremia? |
| | A) | refers to abnormally high sodium levels |
| | B) | can be caused by excessive water loss from the body |
| | C) | can be caused by aldosterone hypersecretion |
| | D) | can cause a shift of water into the cells |
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| 36 | |
High levels of Na+ in the ECF would cause which of the following? |
| | A) | an increase in plasma volume. |
| | B) | a decrease in Na+ excretion in the kidneys. |
| | C) | an increase in aldosterone secretion. |
| | D) | water to shift from the ECF into the ICF. |
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| 37 | |
The major cation in the extracellular fluid is |
| | A) | Na+. |
| | B) | K+. |
| | C) | Cl-. |
| | D) | Ca2+. |
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| 38 | |
The major anion in the extracellular fluid is |
| | A) | phosphate |
| | B) | chloride |
| | C) | calcium |
| | D) | sulfate |
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| 39 | |
ECF calcium levels are mainly regulated by which of the following hormones? |
| | A) | aldosterone |
| | B) | antidiuretic hormone |
| | C) | parathyroid hormone |
| | D) | atrial natriuretic hormone |
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| 40 | |
ECF sodium levels are mainly regulated by which of the following hormones? |
| | A) | parathyroid hormone |
| | B) | antidiuretic hormone |
| | C) | aldosterone |
| | D) | atrial natriuretic hormone |
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| 41 | |
ECF potassium levels are mainly regulated by which of the following hormones? |
| | A) | parathyroid hormone |
| | B) | antidiuretic hormone |
| | C) | aldosterone |
| | D) | atrial natriuretic hormone |
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| 42 | |
Which hormone is correctly matched with the results of its hypersecretion? |
| | A) | aldosterone; hypernatremia |
| | B) | ADH; diuresis |
| | C) | parathyroid hormone; hypocalcemia |
| | D) | ANP; hypernatremia |
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| 43 | |
Which hormone stimulates the kidneys to excrete excess potassium? |
| | A) | ADH |
| | B) | aldosterone |
| | C) | ANP |
| | D) | ACTH |
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| 44 | |
When there is an abnormally high or low level of sodium in the ECF, |
| | A) | sodium shifts into or out of the cells to balance ICF and ECF osmolarity. |
| | B) | water shifts into or out of the cells to balance ICF and ECF osmolarity. |
| | C) | water shifts into or out of the capillaries to balance plasma and interstitial fluid osmolarity. |
| | D) | sodium shifts into or out of the capillaries to balance plasma and interstitial fluid osmolarity. |
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| 45 | |
In the kidney tubules, aldosterone increases reabsorption of ______ but decreases reabsorption of _______. |
| | A) | K+; Na+ |
| | B) | Na+; K+ |
| | C) | calcium; phosphate |
| | D) | phosphate; calcium |
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| 46 | |
Water and electrolytes can move directly from the intracellular fluid into the |
| | A) | plasma |
| | B) | interstitial fluid |
| | C) | lymph |
| | D) | capillaries |
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| 47 | |
The major cation in the intracellular fluid is |
| | A) | Na+ |
| | B) | K+ |
| | C) | Cl- |
| | D) | Ca2+ |
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| 48 | |
The major anion in the intracellular fluid is |
| | A) | phosphate |
| | B) | chloride |
| | C) | calcium |
| | D) | sulfate |
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| 49 | |
An acid is an ionic compound that |
| | A) | releases H+ when it dissociates |
| | B) | combines with H+ |
| | C) | when added to a solution, increases the pH of the solution |
| | D) | releases OH- when it dissociates |
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| 50 | |
All of these are sources of acid EXCEPT |
| | A) | aerobic respiration |
| | B) | the incomplete oxidation of fatty acids |
| | C) | ingestion of bicarbonate |
| | D) | the breakdown of nucleic acids |
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| 51 | |
Strong acids |
| | A) | ionize less completely than weak acids |
| | B) | release fewer H+ than weak acids |
| | C) | cause a smaller change in pH than weak acids |
| | D) | can be buffered by weak bases |
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| 52 | |
Which of these chemicals is capable of buffering strong bases? |
| | A) | NaHCO3 |
| | B) | NaCl |
| | C) | H2CO3 |
| | D) | HPO4 |
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| 53 | |
Respiratory acidosis may be caused by |
| | A) | hyperventilation |
| | B) | hypoventilation |
| | C) | reduced levels of CO2 in the body |
| | D) | a prolonged stay at a high altitude |
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| 54 | |
Kidney disease causes |
| | A) | respiratory acidosis |
| | B) | respiratory alkalosis |
| | C) | metabolic acidosis |
| | D) | metabolic alkalosis |
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| 55 | |
Emphysema may cause |
| | A) | respiratory acidosis |
| | B) | respiratory alkalosis |
| | C) | metabolic acidosis |
| | D) | metabolic alkalosis |
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| 56 | |
Prolonged hyperventilation could cause |
| | A) | respiratory acidosis |
| | B) | respiratory alkalosis |
| | C) | metabolic acidosis |
| | D) | metabolic alkalosis |
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| 57 | |
Prolonged vomiting may cause |
| | A) | respiratory acidosis |
| | B) | respiratory alkalosis |
| | C) | metabolic acidosis |
| | D) | metabolic alkalosis |
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| 58 | |
A person who has unregulated diabetes mellitus may also have |
| | A) | respiratory acidosis |
| | B) | respiratory alkalosis |
| | C) | metabolic acidosis and dehydration |
| | D) | metabolic alkalosis and dehydration |
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| 59 | |
Prolonged diarrhea can cause |
| | A) | metabolic acidosis and dehydration |
| | B) | metabolic alkalosis and dehydration |
| | C) | metabolic acidosis and hypoventilation |
| | D) | metabolic alkalosis and hyperventilation |
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| 60 | |
An increase in the level of H+ ions in the ECF would cause |
| | A) | increased renal secretion of H+ |
| | B) | decreased renal secretion of H+ |
| | C) | decreased respiratory rate and depth |
| | D) | the conversion of weak acids to stronger acids |
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| 61 | |
The normal pH of the blood ranges between |
| | A) | 6.95 and 7.05 |
| | B) | 7.4 and 7.6 |
| | C) | 7.2 and 7.4 |
| | D) | 7.35 and 7.45 |
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| 62 | |
Which statement is correct? |
| | A) | The respiratory system compensates for alkalosis by decreasing respiratory rate and depth. |
| | B) | The respiratory system compensates for acidosis by decreasing respiratory rate and depth. |
| | C) | The renal system compensates for alkalosis by increasing secretion of H+. |
| | D) | The buffer systems compensate for acidosis by converting weak acids to stronger acids. |
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| 63 | |
All of these conditions could cause metabolic acidosis EXCEPT |
| | A) | kidney failure |
| | B) | diabetes mellitus |
| | C) | prolonged diarrhea |
| | D) | prolonged vomiting of stomach contents |
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| 64 | |
All of these conditions could cause respiratory acidosis EXCEPT |
| | A) | hyperventilation |
| | B) | obstruction of the respiratory passageways |
| | C) | emphysema |
| | D) | pneumonia |
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| 65 | |
A person who is hyperventilating may |
| | A) | be compensating for respiratory alkalosis |
| | B) | be compensating for metabolic acidosis |
| | C) | have respiratory acidosis |
| | D) | B and C |
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| 66 | |
As the hydrogen ion concentration of the ECF increases, the |
| | A) | pH of the ECF increases |
| | B) | respiratory rate decreases |
| | C) | pH of the urine increases |
| | D) | kidneys increase hydrogen ion secretion |
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| 67 | |
Buffer systems do which of the following? |
| | A) | minimize pH changes in body fluids by converting stronger acids or bases into weaker acids or bases |
| | B) | increase the severity of pH changes in the body fluids |
| | C) | are not present in intracellular fluid |
| | D) | consist of a weak acid plus a strong acid |
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| 68 | |
Which of these chemicals is able to help in compensating for metabolic acidosis? |
| | A) | sodium chloride |
| | B) | amino group ion and amino acid or protein |
| | C) | carbonic acid |
| | D) | bicarbonate ion |
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| 69 | |
Respiratory alkalosis would be indicated if blood pH is _____ and blood carbon dioxide levels are ______. |
| | A) | high; high |
| | B) | high; low |
| | C) | low; high |
| | D) | low; low |
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