Multiple Choice Quiz 1


1	Some marrow of long bones is termed "yellow" marrow under normal conditions. The function of this is to
	A)	manufacture blood cells
	B)	manufacture tissue cells for the skin
	C)	store adipose tissue
	D)	store bone forming cells



2	Some marrow of long bones is termed "red" marrow. The function of this is to
	A)	manufacture blood cells
	B)	manufacture tissue cells for the skin
	C)	store adipose tissue
	D)	store bone forming cells



3	One of the functions of bone is "electrolyte balance." Which of the following best represents this role?
	A)	Bones exchange all types of electrolytes with the blood and with cartilage.
	B)	Bones store calcium and phosphorus and release them into the blood as needed.
	C)	Bones take up and store electrolytes but seldom release them.
	D)	Bones are storage places for electrolytes, iron, proteins, and fats.



4	Which of the following best describes the role of a lacuna in a bone?
	A)	a cavity within a bone to house an osteocyte
	B)	an indentation within a bone that houses an osteoclast
	C)	a space within the bone for marrow development
	D)	another term for the diploe of a flat bone



5	Cartilage grows by two mechanisms: interstitial growth and appositional growth. Which pair of terms best describes the two methods?
	A)	medial and lateral
	B)	proximal and distal
	C)	internal and on the surface
	D)	left and right



6	The shaft of a bone is known as the
	A)	epiphysis
	B)	metaphysis
	C)	periosteum
	D)	diaphysis



7	The growth zone of a long bone is referred to as the
	A)	osteon
	B)	epiphyseal plate
	C)	articular surface
	D)	diaphysis


8	A tissue that surrounds a long bone, made of a double layer of connective tissue, is referred to as the
	A)	endosteum
	B)	marrow
	C)	growth plate
	D)	periosteum


9	What type of bone tissue surrounds a medullary cavity?
	A)	compact bone
	B)	medullary bone
	C)	spongy bone
	D)	replacement bone


10	Sharpey's fibers, located on the periphery of a bone, are
	A)	collagen fibers from ligaments that attach to bone
	B)	elastic fibers that are found in tendons
	C)	fibers that make up the structure of endosteum
	D)	elastic fibers that make up the structure of periosteum



11	The lattice of spongy bone, consisting of plates, rods and spines, is called
	A)	marrow
	B)	trabeculae
	C)	lacunae
	D)	endosteum



12	The end of a long bone is referred to as the
	A)	epiphysis
	B)	metaphysis
	C)	diaphysis
	D)	periosteum


13	Examples of bones that are "irregular" in shape are
	A)	femur, skull and sternum
	B)	vertebrae and some skull bones
	C)	radius and ulna
	D)	radius, tibia, femur and patella


14	Which of the following is a squamous epithelium that lines the medullary cavity of a bone to begin the formation of marrow?
	A)	periosteum
	B)	osteocytes
	C)	endosteum
	D)	trabeculae with osteoclasts



15	Passing through the periostum of bones are arteries, veins, and
	A)	nerves
	B)	adipose tissue
	C)	Volkmann's canals
	D)	the spinal cord



16	Which of the following bones is considered to be flat?
	A)	femur
	B)	sternum
	C)	vertebra
	D)	talus



17	Which of the following is classified as a long bone?
	A)	phalanx
	B)	sternum
	C)	vertebra
	D)	talus



18	The epiphyseal plate is located in the
	A)	diaphysis
	B)	spongy bone zone
	C)	mid-bone as in the middle of the clavicle
	D)	metaphysis



19	Once an endochondral bone has completed its ossification, the bone now has a ___________ where the old epiphyseal plate existed.
	A)	medullary cavity
	B)	line of cartilage
	C)	foramina
	D)	epiphyseal line



20	Bones are
	A)	cartilage
	B)	connective tissues
	C)	organs
	D)	All of the above.



21	In compact bone, the Haversian canals go the length of the bone. What are the connectors from one Haversian canal to another?
	A)	Volkmann's canals
	B)	Haversian II canals
	C)	semicircular canals
	D)	blood canals



22	Cancellous bone is often referred to as _____________ bone.
	A)	compact
	B)	woven
	C)	spongy
	D)	modeled



23	Cancellous bone has spaces within that are deigned for the housing of
	A)	new osteocytes
	B)	future osteocytes
	C)	marrow and blood vessels
	D)	undifferentiated cells for development of bone


24	An osteon (Haversian system) is actually
	A)	a Haversian canal and its lamellae
	B)	a growth of new bone
	C)	layers of bone in a fontanel
	D)	a bone that has demineralized



25	Since bone is a connective tissue, it has all the necessary features of a connective tissue including a matrix. What makes up the matrix of a bone?
	A)	collagen, elastic fibers, and other proteins
	B)	osteoblasts and osteoclasts
	C)	collagen, proteins and hydroxyapatite
	D)	sodium, calcium, phosphorus, elastic fibers and some adipose tissue



26	If the collagen and minerals are removed from a bone, what happens to the bone?
	A)	it becomes stiff and brittle
	B)	no noticeable differences occur with the bone
	C)	it becomes soft and rubbery
	D)	it breaks apart into thousands of small pieces


27	Which of the following types of bone develops out of a non-cartilage connective tissue scaffold?
	A)	intramembranous
	B)	replacement
	C)	endochondral
	D)	perichondral



28	Bone cells that manufacture new bone are known as
	A)	osteoblasts
	B)	osteoclasts
	C)	osteomesoclasts
	D)	chondrocytes



29	The center of an osteon is known as a Haversian canal. What passes through the center of the canal?
	A)	water
	B)	blood and nerves
	C)	osteocytes
	D)	chondrocytes


30	The inorganic portion of a bone structure, made primarily of calcium phosphate crystals, is known as
	A)	collagen bone component
	B)	appetite
	C)	organic calcium
	D)	hydroxyapatite



31	Which of the following types of cells puts calcium and phosphorus into bone as well as manufactures bone?
	A)	osteoclasts
	B)	osteoblasts
	C)	osteons
	D)	matrix cells



32	Osteocytes must have the ability to receive nutrients from the blood and an ability to return wastes to the blood. Connectors between the osteocytes and the blood vessels are known as
	A)	Volkmann's canals
	B)	central canals
	C)	perforating canals
	D)	canaliculi



33	Osteoclasts are active cells that tear down bone. They do this by secreting an enzyme that dissolves the collagen in the bone matrix. Which of the following is that enzyme?
	A)	hydroxyapatase
	B)	acid phosphatase
	C)	calcium acid
	D)	epiphyseal reduction



34	In children and adolescents, what is the epiphyseal plate composed of?
	A)	bone
	B)	hyaline cartilage
	C)	collagen fibers
	D)	elastic fiber, collagen fibers, and elastic cartilage



35	Normal formation of bone is known as osteogenesis. Another term for bone formation is
	A)	osteoporosis
	B)	ossification
	C)	osteosarcoma
	D)	osteocyte



36	Osteoprogenitor cells
	A)	assist in fracture healing by taking bone fragments away from the injury site
	B)	make up the scaffolding of membranous bone
	C)	are stem cells that become osteoblasts
	D)	are osteocytes that do not live in bone



37	In the skull of a newborn baby, the space between the developing skull bones is known as a(n)
	A)	intramembranous canal
	B)	fontanel
	C)	central canal
	D)	lacuna


38	Endochondral ossification begins at what age?
	A)	during fetal development
	B)	birth
	C)	puberty
	D)	adulthood



39	Endochondral ossification ends at what age?
	A)	birth
	B)	puberty
	C)	adulthood
	D)	about age 50



40	The bone formed by endochondral ossification is called _____________ bone.
	A)	replacement
	B)	cartilage
	C)	membrane
	D)	compact



41	Most of the peripheral skeleton of a 7-month-old fetus is primarily
	A)	adipose tissue
	B)	cartilage tissue
	C)	general fetal tissue
	D)	undifferentiated bone tissue


42	The term "appositional growth" refers to bone growth that occurs
	A)	before birth
	B)	in the epiphysis only
	C)	on the surface of cartilage, bone or older bone
	D)	inside of a lacuna



43	The epiphyseal plate is the zone of
	A)	new growth for endochondral ossification
	B)	growth in intramembranous bone
	C)	growth in the skull bones only
	D)	growth in the leg bones only


44	The epiphyseal plate is divided into 4 zones. The region where the bone grows longer is the zone of
	A)	resting cartilage
	B)	proliferation
	C)	hypotrophy
	D)	calcification


45	The epiphyseal plate is divided into 4 zones. The region where chondrocytes mature and enlarge is the zone of
	A)	resting cartilage
	B)	proliferation
	C)	hypertrophy
	D)	calcification


46	The epiphyseal plate is divided into 4 zones. The region where the cartilage matrix is mineralized with calcium carbonate is the zone of
	A)	resting cartilage
	B)	proliferation
	C)	hypertrophy
	D)	calcification


47	Two of the primary hormones for bone growth and development are
	A)	bone growth hormone and epiphyseal growth hormone.
	B)	human growth hormone and thyroid hormone.
	C)	thyroid stimulating hormone and body growth hormone.
	D)	pituitary hormone and bone growth hormone.



48	Intramembranous ossification results in the formation of bones that belong to which class of bones?
	A)	skull and ribs
	B)	ribs, clavicles, and spine
	C)	flat bones of the clavicle and skull
	D)	spine, skull, ribs, and scapulas



49	Before the process of intramembranous ossification, which of the following type of tissue is found in the associated membranes of the skull and clavicles?
	A)	cartilage
	B)	bone
	C)	epithelium
	D)	collagen fibers



50	The process of intramembranous ossification begins when?
	A)	during embryonic development
	B)	at birth
	C)	in the teenage years
	D)	around the time of full development



51	The type of cells that brings about intramembranous ossification are
	A)	osteocyte
	B)	osteoblasts
	C)	osteoclasts
	D)	osteon



52	The development of the fontanel is brought about by
	A)	the unossified fibrous membranes in the skull
	B)	membranous deossification
	C)	endochondral ossification
	D)	hypertrophy of osteocytes



53	Woven bone is formed during which of the following situations?
	A)	puberty
	B)	fetal development and after fractures
	C)	the first few months following birth
	D)	periods of bone decalcification in old age



54	Lamellar bone is bone that
	A)	arises out of cartilage
	B)	arises out of collagen and elastic fibers
	C)	replaces worn out and fractured bone
	D)	is mature and is organized into thin sheets or layers



55	In regard to bone cell development, which of the following sequences is correct?
	A)	osteoblasts → osteoclasts → osteocyte
	B)	osteogenic cells → osteoclasts → osteocytes
	C)	osteogenic → osteocyte → osteoclast
	D)	osteogenic → osteoblasts → osteocyte



56	When a fracture begins to heal, one type of bone cell moves into the fracture site and tears down the damaged bone tissue. Which of the following tears down bone?
	A)	osteoclasts
	B)	osteoblasts
	C)	osteons
	D)	matrix cells



57	If a 12 year old were to fracture their epiphyseal plate, the result of the damage could be that the bone
	A)	grows abnormally brittle
	B)	may stop growing at the plate
	C)	may grow much thicker at the site of the injury
	D)	has greatly increased potential for a sarcoma



58	Which of the following is the most accurate definition of "bone remodeling"?
	A)	bone that develops during fetal development and stays with us for life
	B)	removal of old bone by osteoclasts and making of new bone by osteoblasts
	C)	the construction of bone around blood vessels for a Haversian canal
	D)	the laying out of new bone in a fracture site



59	In the process of bone remodeling, old bone is removed by
	A)	osteocytes
	B)	osteoblasts
	C)	osteoclasts
	D)	remodeling osteoprogenitor cells



60	Following a bone fracture a callus builds around the fracture site. Callus is a
	A)	mass of tissue.
	B)	mass of blood vessels.
	C)	mass of old broken bone pieces.
	D)	collection of blood vessels and collagen at the fracture site.


61	Which of the following fractures refers to a fracture of a bone in multiple pieces?
	A)	complete
	B)	incomplete
	C)	impacted
	D)	comminuted


62	Which of the following fractures is often referred to as being a "greenstick" fracture?
	A)	complete
	B)	incomplete
	C)	impacted
	D)	comminuted


63	Which of the following fractures goes all the way through a bone, but does not break it into multiple pieces?
	A)	complete
	B)	incomplete
	C)	impacted
	D)	comminuted


64	Which of the following fractures is a fracture of the distal radius and/or ulna?
	A)	Pott's
	B)	Colle's
	C)	Avulsion
	D)	Pathologic



65	Which of the following fractures is a fracture in a bone already weakened by disease?
	A)	Pott's
	B)	Colle's
	C)	Avulsion
	D)	Pathologic



66	A spiral fracture of a bone most often is the result of a bone
	A)	weakened by disease
	B)	that has been crushed
	C)	that has been twisted
	D)	that has been compressed



67	An injury that occurs to vertebrae when they are flattened is known as a
	A)	spiral fracture
	B)	pathologic fracture
	C)	compression fracture
	D)	linear fracture



68	The term "calcium homeostasis" refers to which of the following?
	A)	balance of calcium between the bone and the cartilage
	B)	creation of calcium by bones
	C)	balance of calcium between the blood and the bones
	D)	movement of calcium to and from cartilage and bone



69	Which of the following glands plays a major role in calcium homeostasis?
	A)	adrenal
	B)	parathyroid
	C)	ovaries and testes
	D)	thymus



70	If blood calcium levels decrease, which of the following hormones is released to take calcium out of bones and put it into the blood?
	A)	calcitonin
	B)	calcium hydroxyl hormone
	C)	parathyroid hormone
	D)	human growth hormone



71	If blood calcium levels increase, which of the following hormones is released to take calcium from the blood and place in into the bones?
	A)	calcitonin
	B)	pituitary hormone
	C)	parathyroid hormone
	D)	human growth hormone



72	Calcitrol is a(n)
	A)	bone growth hormone
	B)	form of calcium stored in bones
	C)	activated form of vitamin D.
	D)	excretion of the thyroid and parathyroid glands.



73	The general function of calcitriol in relation to bone cell activity is that it
	A)	inhibits the action of osteoblasts.
	B)	increases osteoclast activity.
	C)	destroys osteocytes.
	D)	stops all bone growth activity.



74	In old age, most of the yellow bone marrow is replaced by
	A)	gelatinous bone marrow
	B)	solid compact bone
	C)	cartilage
	D)	red marrow



75	Osteoporosis most often occurs in
	A)	older men of all races
	B)	older white women
	C)	older black women
	D)	teenage males and females



76	Most of the calcium taken in with the diet that is not absorbed is
	A)	stored in the liver.
	B)	excreted by the kidneys in the urine
	C)	excreted in the feces
	D)	recycled in the body



77	Which of the following represents a normal level of blood calcium in an adult?
	A)	9-11mgs
	B)	15-18mgs
	C)	20-25 mgs
	D)	10-12 grams



78	Insufficient vitamin D in a diet may result in a condition known as
	A)	rickets
	B)	osteoporosis
	C)	scurvy
	D)	Paget's disease



79	Insufficient vitamin C in a diet may result in a condition known as
	A)	rickets
	B)	osteoporosis
	C)	scurvy
	D)	Paget's disease



80	A lack of vitamin D in the diet that may occur in adults with a digestive disorder is known as
	A)	sarcoma
	B)	osteomalacia
	C)	osteitis
	D)	osteoprogenitor disorder



81	Which of the following diseases of bones is a loss of bone mass and density?
	A)	osteoporosis
	B)	osteitis deformans (Paget's)
	C)	osteomyelitis
	D)	osteosarcoma



82	Which of the following diseases is a bacterial infection of bone?
	A)	osteoporosis
	B)	osteitis deformans (Paget's)
	C)	osteomyelitis
	D)	osteosarcoma



83	Which of the following bone disorders is a deadly bone tumor?
	A)	osteoma
	B)	osteosarcoma
	C)	osteomyelitis
	D)	osteitis



84	The most common bone disease is osteoporosis. The most common consequence of this disease is
	A)	fractures
	B)	bone thickening
	C)	luxations and subluxations
	D)	fusion of bones



85	A developmental disorder in which the pituitary produces excess growth hormone and the patient grows abnormally large is known as
	A)	pituitary dwarfism
	B)	achondroplastic dwarfism
	C)	acromegaly
	D)	osteogenesis imperfecta



86	Which of the following is a genetic disorder in which very brittle bones are produced that result in many fractures?
	A)	pituitary dwarfism
	B)	achondroplastic dwarfism
	C)	acromegaly
	D)	osteogenesis imperfecta



87	Which of the following disorders is the result of low amounts of growth hormone production that results in a very small person?
	A)	pituitary dwarfism
	B)	achondroplastic dwarfism
	C)	acromegaly
	D)	osteogenesis imperfecta



88	Bone tissue sometimes forms in the lungs, brain, eyes, muscles, tendon, and arteries. This type of extra bone growth is termed
	A)	ectopic
	B)	mineralized
	C)	hypercalcemic
	D)	hypocalcemic



89	Which of the following diseases of bones results in a thickening of the bones of the skull and pelvis, most often occurring in males?
	A)	osteoporosis
	B)	Rickets' disease
	C)	osteitis
	D)	Paget's disease of bone



90	Which of the following combinations of treatments would be the most appropriate for treatment of osteoporosis?
	A)	running, hiking, and drinking 3 liters of water per day
	B)	walking, adding calcium to the diet and, perhaps, taking estrogen-replacement therapy
	C)	walking, taking phosphorus tablets, and drinking 3 liters or more of water a day
	D)	running, taking mineral tablets each day, drinking more water, and taking testosterone therapy.

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