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| 1 | |
A background in research methods will help people ___________. |
| | A) | read research reports critically |
| | B) | evaluate the methods used in research studies |
| | C) | decide whether research conclusions are reasonable |
| | D) | all of these |
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| 2 | |
Jeremy clings to his personal explanation of behavior because it seems so obvious. He is using _________ to draw this conclusion. |
| | A) | authority |
| | B) | intuition |
| | C) | empiricism |
| | D) | the scientific method |
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| 3 | |
When Sergio accepts an explanation because it comes from an expert, he is using __________ as the basis for his belief. |
| | A) | authority |
| | B) | intuition |
| | C) | empiricism |
| | D) | common sense |
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| 4 | |
Sally doesn't care that there isn't any scientific evidence confirming that people can learn while they sleep. She listens to language tapes each night solely because she feels they work. Her belief is based on ________. |
| | A) | authority |
| | B) | intuition |
| | C) | empiricism |
| | D) | common knowledge |
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| 5 | |
The scientific approach recognizes that both intuition and authority ________. |
| | A) | provide reliable explanations for behavior. |
| | B) | are empirically tested assumptions about behavior |
| | C) | are sources of ideas about behavior |
| | D) | adhere to scientific explanations for behavior |
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| 6 | |
Scientific skepticism means that __________. |
| | A) | scientists reject the ideas of nonscientists |
| | B) | scientists do not believe what they cannot see themselves |
| | C) | scientists evaluate ideas on the basis of personal logic and intuition |
| | D) | ideas must be evaluated on the basis of careful logic and the results from scientific investigations |
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| 7 | |
The fundamental characteristic of the scientific method is __________. |
| | A) | intuition |
| | B) | empiricism |
| | C) | replication |
| | D) | skepticism |
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| 8 | |
According to Goodstein's (2000) "evolved theory of science," which of the following is NOT a characteristic of scientific inquiry? |
| | A) | Scientists make observations that are accurately reported to other scientists and the public so others can replicate the methods and obtain the same results. |
| | B) | Science flourishes when there is an open system for the exchange of ideas in which supporters and those who disagree with an idea can report their research and it can be evaluated by others. |
| | C) | Research studies must be reviewed by peers before they become a part of the scientific literature. |
| | D) | Scientists search for observations that support ideas popular to others and viewed by other scientists as publishable. |
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| 9 | |
What is the advantage of the scientific approach over other ways of knowing about the world? |
| | A) | The scientific approach provides an objective set of rules for gathering, evaluating, and reporting information. |
| | B) | The scientific approach provides a method of generating ideas, observing biases, and supporting knowledge. |
| | C) | The scientific approach includes the assertions of authority as scientific evidence. |
| | D) | The scientific approach provides a subjective environment to discuss science with others. |
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| 10 | |
Before accepting the claims of a scientist, it is worthwhile to __________. |
| | A) | evaluate the credentials of the individual |
| | B) | examine the researcher's source of funding |
| | C) | examine the reputation of the institution represented by the person |
| | D) | all of these |
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| 11 | |
The four general goals of scientific research are to __________. |
| | A) | explain, examine, predict, and manipulate behavior |
| | B) | describe, manipulate, evaluate, and change behavior |
| | C) | describe, predict, determine the causes of, and understand or explain behavior |
| | D) | observe, predict, evaluate, and determine outcomes of behavior |
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| 12 | |
What are test-anxious students like? Do they finish an exam more slowly or faster than non-anxious students? This question addresses which goal of scientific research? |
| | A) | prediction of behavior |
| | B) | description of events |
| | C) | determination of the causes of behavior |
| | D) | explanation of behavior |
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| 13 | |
Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of evidence required to identify the cause of a behavior? |
| | A) | correlation of the effect and time |
| | B) | covariation of the cause and effect |
| | C) | elimination of alternative explanations |
| | D) | temporal precedence |
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| 14 | |
Researchers want to know why college students prefer multiple-choice rather than essay exams. The goal of this research is __________. |
| | A) | prediction of behavior |
| | B) | description of events |
| | C) | determination of the causes of behavior |
| | D) | explanation of behavior |
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| 15 | |
Basic research tries to answer questions about __________. |
| | A) | practical problems |
| | B) | the nature of behavior |
| | C) | a program's effectiveness |
| | D) | problems with potential solutions |
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| 16 | |
Which of the following is a common problem of relying on intuition |
| | A) | illusory correlations |
| | B) | skepticism |
| | C) | empiricism |
| | D) | pseudoscience |
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| 17 | |
Before Julie is willing to believe that playing violent video games can lead to real world aggressive behaviors she wants learn what results leading psychological research has found. Julia is best described as a(n) |
| | A) | skeptic. |
| | B) | empiricist. |
| | C) | authority. |
| | D) | intuitionist. |
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| 18 | |
Which of the following is false about pseudoscience? |
| | A) | The data lacks validity. |
| | B) | The claims ignore evidence. |
| | C) | Claims ignore conflicting evidence. |
| | D) | Claims are based on illusory correlations. |
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| 19 | |
Which of the following is true? |
| | A) | Basic research is less likely to be published than applied research. |
| | B) | Applied research is less important than basic research. |
| | C) | Applied research is often conducted in large business firms. |
| | D) | Research with no apparent practical policy is ultimately useless. |
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| 20 | |
Which of the following is an example of applied research? |
| | A) | pseudoscience |
| | B) | exposure therapy |
| | C) | illusory correlations |
| | D) | facilitated communication |
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| 21 | |
Angela saw a commercial where a man in a white lab coat discussed the amazing results of a new diet pill. She immediately rushes out to buy it but is disappointed when, three weeks later, she has not lost any weight. Which of the following best explains Angela's experience? |
| | A) | pseudoscience |
| | B) | illusory correlations |
| | C) | temporal precedence error |
| | D) | a problem with covariation of cause and effect |
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