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| 1 | |
Abbey has found that sometimes, men inappropriately attribute a woman's friendliness toward them as an expression of sexual interest in them. This can be seen as a |
| | A) | misattribution. |
| | B) | friendly flirtation. |
| | C) | hostile attributional bias. |
| | D) | inaccurate intuition. |
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| 2 | |
After instilling a specific belief in a group of participants, how can one reduce or eliminate belief perseverance? |
| | A) | Instruct the participants to be as objective and unbiased as possible. |
| | B) | Present visual stimuli to participants that strongly discredit the belief that they hold. |
| | C) | Have a trusted authority figure discredit the belief of the participants. |
| | D) | Have the participants explain why an opposite belief might be true. |
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| 3 | |
Shelly started working at a new job. When she met Ted for lunch a week later, she complained about her boss. Ted was surprised because Shelly had never complained about any bosses before and she was not generally a complainer. According to Harold Kelley's model, Ted believes Shelly's behavior shows |
| | A) | consistency. |
| | B) | consensus. |
| | C) | disingenuousness. |
| | D) | distinctiveness. |
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| 4 | |
Maria is asked to prepare a speech on capital punishment and present it to her class, taking the point of view of being in favor of the death penalty. At the conclusion of the speech, her classmates are told that Maria was assigned the speech. The classmates are given a questionnaire, and the results show that they believe Maria is for the death penalty. This illustrates |
| | A) | the actor's indulgence. |
| | B) | the self-serving bias. |
| | C) | the fundamental attribution error. |
| | D) | frivolous fluctuation. |
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| 5 | |
Which of the following techniques has been shown to successfully reduce the overconfidence bias? |
| | A) | Instructing people to be as objective, accurate, and unbiased as possible. |
| | B) | Forcing people to consider disconfirming evidence. |
| | C) | Encouraging people to underestimate their confidence. |
| | D) | Forcing people to be more overconfident. |
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| 6 | |
Due to counterfactual thinking, which of the following statements is correct? |
| | A) | Silver medalists exhibit more joy than bronze medalists. |
| | B) | Bronze medalists exhibit more joy than silver medalists. |
| | C) | Bronze medalists exhibit more joy than gold medalists. |
| | D) | Bronze medalists exhibit less joy than silver medalists. |
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| 7 | |
Some people are less motivated to help others who are receiving state aid because of |
| | A) | the negativity bias. |
| | B) | the self-fulfilling error. |
| | C) | the self-serving bias. |
| | D) | the fundamental attribution error. |
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| 8 | |
Research has found that people remember past events more favorably after a period of time has passed, compared to how they felt when the events were actually happening. This is termed |
| | A) | the looking-glass effect. |
| | B) | rosy retrospection. |
| | C) | rosy retribution. |
| | D) | rostrum retrospection. |
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| 9 | |
Bill was told that he was about to meet a warm person and then he enjoyed his interaction with that person, while Fred was told that he would meet a cold person, and then Fred did not feel comfortable in the presence of that person. This demonstrates |
| | A) | primping. |
| | B) | perseverating. |
| | C) | priming. |
| | D) | the flip-flop phenomenon. |
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| 10 | |
On the first day of class, when asked to predict what grade he would receive on the first midterm, Kevin said an "A." If Kevin was not an "A student," he response could be attributed to the |
| | A) | overconfidence phenomenon. |
| | B) | arrogance. |
| | C) | wishful thinking. |
| | D) | the fantasy thinking flaw. |
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| 11 | |
Thinking strategies that serve as mental short cuts are referred to as |
| | A) | quick stops. |
| | B) | hieroglyphics. |
| | C) | heuristics. |
| | D) | heliotropics. |
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| 12 | |
If Josey believes that someone belongs to a group if they look or act like a typical member of that group, one could say that in her judgment and decision making, she was using |
| | A) | the availability heuristic. |
| | B) | the representative heuristic. |
| | C) | the unrepresentativeness heuristic. |
| | D) | unavailability heuristic. |
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| 13 | |
When Stacey sees a young guy man driving down the street in a VW bug with a surfboard out the back of his car, and she thinks he is a surfer, she is using |
| | A) | the availability heuristic. |
| | B) | the confirmation bias. |
| | C) | belief perseverance. |
| | D) | the representative heuristic. |
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| 14 | |
Use of heuristics may lead to |
| | A) | biases. |
| | B) | always being wrong. |
| | C) | always being right. |
| | D) | the confirmation bias. |
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| 15 | |
After the Columbine shootings, people were more likely to overestimate the amount of teen violence occurring in schools and to fear school violence. This is because of |
| | A) | the confirmation bias. |
| | B) | the availability heuristic. |
| | C) | belief perseverance. |
| | D) | the representative heuristic. |
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| 16 | |
After the movie Jaws came out, people were afraid to go into the ocean. This was due to |
| | A) | the representative heuristic. |
| | B) | belief perseverance. |
| | C) | the availability heuristic. |
| | D) | the confirmation bias. |
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| 17 | |
"It always rains after I wash the car." This statement is an example of |
| | A) | inferential statistics. |
| | B) | the confirmation bias. |
| | C) | an illusory correlation. |
| | D) | a positive correlation. |
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| 18 | |
"No matter what line I'm in, it's always the longest." This statement is an example of a(n) |
| | A) | a positive correlation. |
| | B) | the confirmation bias. |
| | C) | a negative correlation. |
| | D) | illusory correlation. |
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| 19 | |
Todd believes that Wednesdays bring good luck. As it turns out, good things happen to Todd on Wednesdays. This could be |
| | A) | an illusory correlation |
| | B) | a self-fulfilling prophecy |
| | C) | a self-sustaining prophecy. |
| | D) | a self-enhancing philosophy. |
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| 20 | |
When a belief leads to its own fulfillment, this is referred to as |
| | A) | an illusory correlation. |
| | B) | a positive thinking event. |
| | C) | a self-fulfilling prophecy. |
| | D) | a belief configuration. |
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