Beginning with the "prehistory" of photography in earlier artistic and scientific achievements, Chapter Seven then proceeds to the invention of modern photography in the 1830s and follows its art historical development to the present. The development of cinema or "moving pictures" and digital technology enters in the early- and late-twentieth-century respectively. The broad stylistic categories of expressionism, surrealism, social realism, and formalism are used to help categorize and organize the multiple directions with photography and moving pictures. The chapter concludes with a look at artists who blend new photographic approaches and mass-media subject matter and form.