| Ampersand | A symbol (&) for and, 274
|  | | | | Antecedent | In a conditional statement, the component that immediately follows the word "if," 40, 295
| | | | | Argument | A claim defended with reasons. More precisely, an argument is a set of statements, one of which (called the conclusion) is claimed or intended to be supported by the others (called the premises), 25, 50; cogent, 82--83, 222--223, 310, 312; complex, 32--33; deductive, 52--67, 83; explanation and, 42--43; inductive, 52--62, 67, 71, 83, 305--350; invalid, 74--78, 83; not a fight, 407--409; simple, 32--33; sound, 78, 83, 222--223, 310; strong, 78, 83, 222, 305, 312; uncogent, 82--83, 312; unsound, 78, 83; valid, 74--78, 83, 222, 276, 286; weak, 79-83, 305, 312
| | | | | Arrow | a symbol (Æ) for the logical connective "if . . . then," 295; also, in argument diagramming, a symbol (Ø) for "therefore," 190
| | | | | Compound statement | In logic, a statement that contains at least one simple statement as a component, 272
| | | | | Conditional statement | An "if...then" statement, 39--40, 196, 295--301
| | | | | Conjunction | A compound statement of the form "A and B," 272-280
| | | | | Consequent | In a conditional statement, the part that immediately follows the word "then," 40, 295
| | | | | Disjunction | A compound statement of the form "Either A or B," 196; in propositional logic, 291--294
| | | | | Exclusive sense of "or" | The sense of "or" in which it means "either A or B, but not both," 291
| | | | | Negation | Denial; symbolized by the tilde (~), 280--289
| | | | | Nonexclusive sense of "or" | The sense of "or" in which it means "either A or B, or both A and B," 291
| | | | | Principle of charity | A principle of interpretation that requires that unclear passages or arguments be interpreted in the way most favorable the speaker or writer, 41--42, 59-60, 203--204, 206, 291
| | | | | Propositional logic | A branch of logic that studies truth-functional compound statements, i.e., statements whose truth value depends entirely on the truth values of their component statements (e.g., statements of the form "A and B," "A or B," "not A," and "if A then B"), 271--304
| | | | | Simple statement | In logic, a statement that does not contain any other statement as a component, 272
| | | | | Truth table | A table in which all possible truth values of compound statements are determined by listing all possible truth values of the simple statements that make up the compound statements, 272
| | | | | Truth value | The truth or falsity of a statement. If a statement is true, it has the truth value "true"; if it is false, it has the truth value "false," 272
| | | | | Valid argument | A deductive argument in which the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises, 74--78, 83, 276
| | | | | Wedge | A symbol (v) for "or," 291
|
|
2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education