| Analogy | A comparison of things that are claimed to be similar in some respect, 70, 175, 323, 423
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| Appeal to ignorance | A fallacy that occurs when an arguer claims that something is true because no one has proven it false, or that something is false because no one has proven it true, 166--168, 187
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| Authority | A person who possesses special knowledge, competence, or expertise in a particular field, 163
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| Biased sample | A set of observed cases that is not typical or representative of the larger population from which it was selected, 173
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| Fallacies of insufficient evidence | Fallacies that occur because the premises, though logically relevant to the conclusion, fail to provide sufficient evidence to support the conclusion, 140, 162-188
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| False alternatives | A fallacy that occurs when an arguer poses a false either/or choice, 168--169
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| Generalization | A statement that asserts that all or most things of a certain kind have a certain property or characteristic. Also, in statistics, a statement of the form "A certain percentage of all A's are B's," 67, 172
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| Hasty generalization | A fallacy that occurs when an arguer draws a general conclusion (i.e., a conclusion of the form "All A's are B's" or "Most A's are B's") from a sample that is biased or too small, 172--173, 188, 310
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| Inappropriate appeal to authority | A fallacy that occurs when an arguer appeals to a witness or alleged authority that is unreliable, 162--166
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| Inconsistency | A fallacy that occurs when an arguer asserts conflicting or contradictory claims, 177--178, 188; logical versus practical, 4
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| Loaded question | A fallacy that occurs when an arguer poses a question that contains an unfair assumption or presupposition, 170-171
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| Mere correlation fallacy | A fallacy that occurs when an arguer assumes, without sufficient evidence, that because A and B regularly occur together, A must be the cause of B, or vice versa, 171--172
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| Oversimplified cause fallacy | A fallacy that occurs when an arguer assumes, without sufficient evidence, that A is the sole cause of B, when in fact there are several causes of B, 172
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| Post hoc fallacy | A fallacy that occurs when an arguer assumes without sufficient evidence that because one event, A, occurred before another event, B, that A is the cause of B, 171
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| Questionable cause | A fallacy that occurs when an arguer claims without sufficient evidence that one thing is the cause of something else, 171--172, 334--335
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| Slippery slope | A fallacy that occurs when an arguer claims, without sufficient evidence, that a seemingly harmless action, if taken, will lead to a disastrous or very negative outcome, 173-174, 188
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| Weak analogy | A fallacy that occurs when an arguer's conclusion depends on a comparison of things that aren't relevantly similar, 175--177, 188, 326
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education