Paul M. Insel,
Stanford University School of Medicine
Walton T. Roth,
Stanford University School of Medicine
| normality | The psychological characteristics attributed to the majority of people in a population at a given time.
|
 |
|
|
| self-actualization | The highest level of growth in Maslow's hierarchy.
|
|
|
|
| self-concept | The ideas, feelings, and perceptions one has about oneself; also called self-image.
|
|
|
|
| self-esteem | Satisfaction and confidence in oneself; the valuing of oneself as a person.
|
|
|
|
| autonomy | Independence; the sense of being self-directed.
|
|
|
|
| other-directed | Guided in behavior by the values and expectations of others.
|
|
|
|
| inner-directed | Guided in behavior by an inner set of rules and values.
|
|
|
|
| authenticity | Genuineness.
|
|
|
|
| cognitive distortion | A pattern of thinking that makes events seem worse than they are.
|
|
|
|
| defense mechanism | A mental mechanism for coping with conflict or anxiety.
|
|
|
|
| assertiveness | Expression that is forceful but not hostile.
|
|
|
|
| anxiety | A feeling of fear that is not directed toward any definite threat.
|
|
|
|
| *simple (specific) phobia | A persistent and excessive fear of a specific object, activity, or situation.
|
|
|
|
| social phobia | An excessive fear of performing in public; speaking in public is the most common example.
|
|
|
|
| panic disorder | A syndrome of severe anxiety attacks accompanied by physical symptoms.
|
|
|
|
| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | An anxiety disorder characterized by uncontrollable, recurring thoughts and the performing of senseless rituals.
|
|
|
|
| obsession | A recurrent, irrational, unwanted thought or impulse.
|
|
|
|
| compulsion | An irrational, repetitive, forced action, usually associated with an obsession.
|
|
|
|
| post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | An anxiety disorder characterized by reliving traumatic events through dreams, flashbacks, and hallucinations.
|
|
|
|
| depression | A mood disorder characterized by loss of interest, sadness, hopelessness, loss of appetite, disturbed sleep, and other physical symptoms.
|
|
|
|
| mania | A mood disorder characterized by excessive elation, irritability, talkativeness, inflated self-esteem, and expansiveness.
|
|
|
|
| bipolar disorder | A mental illness characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania.
|
|
|
|
| schizophrenia | A psychological disorder that involves a disturbance in thinking and in perceiving reality.
|
|
|
|
| stimulus | Anything that causes a response.
|
|
|
|
| response | A reaction to a stimulus.
|
|
|
|
| reinforcement | Increasing the future probability of a response by following it with a reward.
|
|
|
|
| exposure | A therapeutic technique for treating fear, in which the subject learns to come into direct contact with a feared situation.
|
|
|
|
| agoraphobia | An anxiety disorder characterized by fear of being alone away from help and avoidance of many different places and situations; in extreme cases, a fear of leaving home. From the Greek for "fear of the public market".
|
|
|
|
| generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) | An anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry about all kinds of things and anxiety in many situations.
|
|
|
|
| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | The use of electric shock to induce brief, generalized seizures; used in the treatment of selected psychological disorders.
|
|
|
|
| seasonal affective disorder (SAD) | A mood disorder characterized by seasonal depression, usually occurring in winter when there is less daylight.
|
|
|
|
| placebo | A chemically inactive substance that a patient believes is an effective medical therapy for his or her condition. To help evaluate a therapy, medical researchers compare the effects of a particular therapy with the effects of a placebo. The "placebo effect" occurs when a patient responds to a placebo as if it were an active drug.
|
|
|
|
| attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | A disorder characterized by persistent, pervasive problems with inattention and/or hyperactivity to a degree that is not considered appropriate for a child's developmental stage and that causes significant difficulties in school, work, or relationships.
|
2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education