Research Links

Spinal Reflex

http://www.dushkin.com/connectext/psy/ch02/spinal.mhtml
A basic look at the knee jerk reflex.

http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/dward/physo101/lab_spinal.htm
A very good look at spinal reflexes with diagrams and interesting exercises.

http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chreflex.html#patella
A fun site on reflexes. Includes different exercises (some of which work best with Netscape).

http://www.ithaca.edu/faculty/asmith/knjk.html
A laboratory exercise comparing the differences between a reflex and a voluntary action.

Voluntary Movement

http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1932/sherrington-bio.html
The Nobel e-Museum's biography of Sir Charles Sherrington (Nobel Prize 1932).

http://www.ptd.neu.edu/neuroanatomy/cyberclass/spinalcontrol/
Spinal motor control.

http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bbl/Motorlab.html
Motor processing laboratory.

http://www.placidity.net/neuro/page/3sect/4.shtml
An outline of voluntary movement with several links and linked diagrams.

http://cognet.mit.edu/MITECS/Entry/bizzi
MIT's entry on motor control.

http://www.albany.net/~tjc/descending-tracts.html
Movement and muscle control.

http://neuro.psyc.memphis.edu/ugp/css015.html
Motor systems with a quiz and list of terms.

Movement Disorders

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/musculardystrophy.html
A list of links related to muscular dystrophy.

http://www.neurologychannel.com/myastheniagravis/
The Neurology Channel's description of myasthenia gravis.

http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/pubs/myasthenia_gravis.htm
Myasthenia gravis fact sheet from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes.

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/myastheniagravis.html
A list of links related to myasthenia gravis.

http://www.who.int/inf-fs/en/fact114.html
A fact sheet on poliomyelitis from the World Health Organization.

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001402.htm
Medline's entry on polio.

http://www.ability.org.uk/Spinal_Cord_Injury.html
A list of links related to paraplegia and spinal cord injury.

http://www.virtualhealthfair.com/conditions/quadriplegia.htm
Description of quadriplegia. Includes links.

http://www.wemove.org/mov.html
Movement disorders.

Motor Cortex

http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Anatomy/calnet/mcortex/mcortex.htm
A brief look at the motor cortex.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/brain/#
Probe the motor cortex. Site includes interesting details on Penfield's work in this area.

http://www.anatomy.unimelb.edu.au/subjects/976/lectures/Motorcortex.htm
Motor control at the cortical level.

http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/eevarts.html
A biography of Edward Evarts, who studied monkeys and M1 performance.

http://cnup.neurobio.pitt.edu/highlight2.cfm
A look at the University of Pittsburgh's research on how movement is encoded in the motor cortex.

http://www.nsi.edu/motorlab/download.jnp/co.pdf
An in-depth article discussing motor cortex coding for direction and speed.

http://www.meiji-u.ac.jp/faculty/ns/research/fMRI-e.html
An fMRI image of the supplementary motor area (SMA) versus the primary motor area activation.

http://www.psych.nwu.edu/psych/people/faculty/paller/361/7a/sld009.htm
A diagram of a monkey's brain with a lesion to the SMA.

Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia

http://www.healthsci.utas.edu.au/neuro/chp310/lectures/cerebellum.html
A good outline on the cerebellum.

http://140.220.1.7/DEPTS/NEUR/WEB/demo/cerebellumdemo.html
Anatomy and physiology of the cerebellum.

http://www.medsch.wisc.edu/anatomy/cere/text/cere/contents.htm
A medical school version of the anatomy of the cerebellum.

http://cognet.mit.edu/MITECS/Entry/ito
MIT's entry on the cerebellum.

http://www.neuroanatomy.hpg.com.br/cerebellum.htm
Neuroanatomical views of the cerebellum.

http://www.geocities.com/bcataxia/ataxia.htm
A summary of ataxia.

http://www.spinone.free-online.co.uk/Health/cataxia.htm
Cerebellar ataxia in a dog.

http://thalamus.wustl.edu/course/cerebell.html
The basal ganglia and the cerebellum.

http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/3468/22-02.html#Basal
Detailed description of the basal ganglia followed by the cerebellum.

http://anc.ed.ac.uk/~anaru/research/history/
A brief history of the basal ganglia.

http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/medicine/anatomy/bgmenjb.htm
A tutorial on the basal ganglia.

http://www.macalstr.edu/~psych/whathap/UBNRP/parkinsons/corto-basal%20loop.html
The cortical-basal ganglia loop.

http://cognet.mit.edu/MITECS/Entry/strick
MIT's entry on the basal ganglia.

http://udel.edu/~aliciam/welcome.html
Basics of the basal ganglia and information on Parkinson's disease.

http://neurosun.medsch.ucla.edu/Diagnoses/Movement/MovementDis_10.html
A concise overview of Parkinson's disease from UCLA Neurosurgery.

http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/pubs/parkinson_disease_htr.htm
Comprehensive information on Parkinson's disease from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.

http://www.pallidotomy.com/movement_model.html
A model describing the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parkinsonsdisease.html
Links related to Parkinson's disease.

http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/pubs/huntington_disease-htr.htm
A full description of Huntington's disease.

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/huntingtonsdisease.html
Links related to Huntington's disease.

http://neurosun.medsch.ucla.edu/Diagnoses/Movement/MovementDis_1.html
Brief summary of ballism from UCLA Neurosurgery.

Apraxia

http://empresas.mundivia.es/braincenter/Apraxia.htm
Apraxia.

http://www.emedicine.com/neuro/topic438.htm
A very detailed look at apraxia.

http://www.csun.edu/~vcoao0el/de361/de361s52_folder/apraxia.html
Examples of apraxia.

http://www.braincampus.com/npsych/apraxia.html
A neuropsychological look at apraxia.

http://www.neuroexam.com/9.html
Apraxia in the context of the neurological exam.

http://www.csuchico.edu/~pmccaff/syllabi/SPPA342/342unit9.html
A focus on oral apraxia including assessment techniques.

http://www.shop-in-service.com/limb_apraxia.htm
A case study of a child with limb apraxia.