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1 | |
Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each kidney is the |
| | A) | cortex. |
| | B) | hilum. |
| | C) | medulla. |
| | D) | renal capsule. |
| | E) | renal pyramids. |
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2 | |
The apex of the renal pyramid is called the |
| | A) | major calyx. |
| | B) | minor calyx |
| | C) | renal papilla. |
| | D) | renal pelvis. |
| | E) | ureter. |
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3 | |
The major calyces of the kidney converge to form an enlarged channel called the |
| | A) | renal fascia. |
| | B) | renal pelvis. |
| | C) | renal pyramids. |
| | D) | renal papillae. |
| | E) | renal sinus. |
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4 | |
The basic histological and functional unit of the kidney is the |
| | A) | glomerulus. |
| | B) | filtration membrane. |
| | C) | nephron. |
| | D) | podocyte. |
| | E) | renal corpuscle. |
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5 | |
Given these parts of a nephron:
1. renal corpuscle
2. collecting duct
3. loop of Henle
4. distal tubule
5. proximal tubule
Arrange the parts in order as fluid flows from the filtration membrane through the nephron. |
| | A) | 1,5,3,4,2 |
| | B) | 2,4,1,3,5 |
| | C) | 2,1,4,5,3 |
| | D) | 4,2,3,5,1 |
| | E) | 5,1,3,4,2 |
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6 | |
The tuft of capillaries in the renal corpuscle is called the |
| | A) | podocytes. |
| | B) | glomerulus. |
| | C) | calyx. |
| | D) | renal pyramid. |
| | E) | renal sinus. |
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7 | |
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is formed where the __________ projects between the afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole next to Bowman's capsule. |
| | A) | glomerulus |
| | B) | arcuate arteries |
| | C) | proximal tubule |
| | D) | distal tubule |
| | E) | collecting duct |
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8 | |
Collectively, the capillary epithelium, basement membrane, and podocytes form the |
| | A) | filtration membrane. |
| | B) | glomerulus. |
| | C) | juxtamedullary nephron. |
| | D) | nephron. |
| | E) | renal corpuscle. |
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9 | |
The part of a nephron between Bowman's capsule and the loop of Henle is the |
| | A) | collecting duct. |
| | B) | distal tubule. |
| | C) | juxtaglomerular apparatus. |
| | D) | macula densa. |
| | E) | proximal tubule. |
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10 | |
The __________ are specialized portions of the peritubular capillaries that extend deep into the medulla of the kidney. |
| | A) | interlobar arteries |
| | B) | arcuate arteries |
| | C) | efferent arterioles |
| | D) | afferent arterioles |
| | E) | vasa recta |
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11 | |
Given these vessels:
1. arcuate vein
2. afferent arteriole
3. efferent arteriole
4. interlobular vein
5. peritubular capillaries
Arrange the vessels in the order in which a drop of blood from the interlobular artery passes through them. |
| | A) | 1,2,4,5,3 |
| | B) | 2,3,5,4,1 |
| | C) | 3,5,4,2,1 |
| | D) | 4,2,5,3,1 |
| | E) | 5,2,4,1,3 |
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12 | |
The triangular area of the urinary bladder between the two ureters posteriorly and the urethra anteriorly is the |
| | A) | external urinary sphincter. |
| | B) | internal urinary sphincter. |
| | C) | smooth muscle. |
| | D) | transitional epithelium. |
| | E) | trigone. |
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13 | |
Skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra as it extends through the pelvic floor is the |
| | A) | external urinary sphincter. |
| | B) | internal urinary sphincter. |
| | C) | trigone. |
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14 | |
Active transport of substances from the blood into the nephron is called |
| | A) | filtration. |
| | B) | tubular reabsorption. |
| | C) | tubular secretion. |
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15 | |
The movement of substances from the filtrate back into the blood of the peritubular capillaries is called |
| | A) | filtration. |
| | B) | tubular secretion. |
| | C) | backflow. |
| | D) | tubular reabsorption. |
| | E) | micturition. |
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16 | |
The part of the total cardiac output that passes through the kidneys is called the |
| | A) | filtration fraction. |
| | B) | plasma clearance. |
| | C) | renal blood flow rate. |
| | D) | renal fraction. |
| | E) | tubular maximum. |
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17 | |
The part of the plasma volume that passes through the filtration membrane is the |
| | A) | filtration fraction. |
| | B) | plasma clearance. |
| | C) | renal blood flow rate. |
| | D) | renal fraction. |
| | E) | tubular maximum. |
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18 | |
Which of these substances normally cannot pass through the filtration membrane? |
| | A) | hemoglobin |
| | B) | water |
| | C) | sodium ions |
| | D) | bicarbonate ions |
| | E) | glucose |
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19 | |
Of the filtrate that enters the nephron, about what percent is reabsorbed during urine formation? |
| | A) | 99% |
| | B) | 95% |
| | C) | 80% |
| | D) | 65% |
| | E) | 19% |
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20 | |
A decrease in plasma proteins results in |
| | A) | decreased colloid osmotic pressure. |
| | B) | increased colloid osmotic pressure. |
| | C) | increased glomerular capillary pressure. |
| | D) | decreased filtration pressure. |
| | E) | increased tubular reabsorption. |
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21 | |
As filtrate moves through the thin segment of the descending limb of the loop of Henle, water moves __________ the nephron, and solutes move __________ the nephron. |
| | A) | into, into |
| | B) | into, out of |
| | C) | out of, into |
| | D) | out of, out of |
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22 | |
During tubular reabsorption in the proximal tubule of the nephron, most solutes are moved across the apical membrane by __________ , and across the basal membrane by __________ . |
| | A) | cotransport, cotransport |
| | B) | cotransport, facilitated diffusion |
| | C) | counter transport, cotransport |
| | D) | facilitated diffusion, cotransport |
| | E) | primary active transport, cotransport |
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23 | |
In kidney nephron epithelial cells, solutes are cotransported with |
| | A) | Ca2+ ions. |
| | B) | Cl- ions. |
| | C) | K+ ions. |
| | D) | Mg2+ ions. |
| | E) | Na+ ions. |
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24 | |
In kidney nephron epithelial cells, __________ are moved by counter transport through the basal membrane in exchange for K+ ions. |
| | A) | Ca2+ ions |
| | B) | Cl- ions |
| | C) | H+ ions |
| | D) | Mg2+ ions |
| | E) | Na+ ions |
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25 | |
The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is __________ to water. |
| | A) | impermeable |
| | B) | moderately permeable |
| | C) | permeable |
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26 | |
The percentage of filtrate volume reabsorbed in the proximal tubule is |
| | A) | 99%. |
| | B) | 80%. |
| | C) | 65%. |
| | D) | 19%. |
| | E) | 15%. |
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27 | |
These ions are cotransported across the apical membrane in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. |
| | A) | K+ ions and Cl- ions |
| | B) | K+ ions and Mg2+ ions |
| | C) | Ca2+ ions and K+ ions |
| | D) | Ca2+ ions and Cl- ions |
| | E) | Ca2+ ions and Mg2+ ions |
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28 | |
The permeability of the distal tubule and the collecting duct is controlled by |
| | A) | ADH. |
| | B) | aldosterone. |
| | C) | atrial natriuretic factor. |
| | D) | carrier molecules. |
| | E) | sodium ions. |
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29 | |
All of these compounds are reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood EXCEPT |
| | A) | amino acids. |
| | B) | fructose. |
| | C) | Na+ ions. |
| | D) | penicillin. |
| | E) | Ca2+ ions. |
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30 | |
At which of these locations is the osmolality of the filtrate the highest? |
| | A) | Bowman's capsule |
| | B) | proximal tubule |
| | C) | bottom of the loop of Henle |
| | D) | distal tubule |
| | E) | top of the collecting duct |
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31 | |
Renal tubules are __________ permeable to urea than they are to water, therefore urea concentration in the tubules __________ . |
| | A) | less, decreases |
| | B) | less, increases |
| | C) | more, decreases |
| | D) | more, increases |
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32 | |
Which of these substances is actively transported into the filtrate in the proximal and distal tubule? |
| | A) | H+ ions |
| | B) | Na+ ions |
| | C) | glucose |
| | D) | amino acids |
| | E) | Cl- ions |
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33 | |
The countercurrent multiplier mechanism of the nephron is in the |
| | A) | proximal tubule and distal tubule. |
| | B) | loop of Henle and vasa recta. |
| | C) | distal tubule and collecting duct. |
| | D) | glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. |
| | E) | glomerulus and collecting duct. |
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34 | |
Urea diffuses out of the __________ , and into the __________ . |
| | A) | proximal tubule, distal tubule |
| | B) | proximal tubule, descending limb of the loop of Henle |
| | C) | descending limb of the loop of Henle, ascending limb of the loop of Henle |
| | D) | ascending limb of the loop of Henle, descending limb of the loop of Henle |
| | E) | collecting duct, descending limb of the loop of Henle |
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35 | |
Juxtaglomerular cells secrete |
| | A) | ADH. |
| | B) | oxytocin. |
| | C) | renin. |
| | D) | aldosterone. |
| | E) | angiotensin |
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36 | |
Drinking a large amount of beer results in |
| | A) | increased aldosterone secretion. |
| | B) | increased permeability of the collecting ducts of the nephrons. |
| | C) | decreased urine osmolality. |
| | D) | increased urine volume. |
| | E) | both c and d |
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37 | |
Which of these conditions increases the amount of urine produced? |
| | A) | increased ADH secretion |
| | B) | increased atrial natriuretic hormone secretion |
| | C) | increased aldosterone secretion |
| | D) | decreased blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries |
| | E) | sympathetic stimulation of the renal arteries |
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38 | |
Angiotensin II causes |
| | A) | increased ADH secretion. |
| | B) | increased thirst. |
| | C) | increased salt appetite. |
| | D) | increased peripheral resistance. |
| | E) | all of these |
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39 | |
When the tubular load of a substance exceeds the tubular maximum, that substance will |
| | A) | be actively transported into the blood. |
| | B) | diffuse into the blood. |
| | C) | appear in the urine. |
| | D) | cause a backflow of filtrate from Bowman's capsule into the glomerulus. |
| | E) | be broken down by carbonic anhydrase. |
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40 | |
The micturition reflex |
| | A) | can be stimulated or inhibited by higher centers in the brain. |
| | B) | is stimulated by increased pressure in the bladder. |
| | C) | can be stimulated by irritation of the bladder or urethra. |
| | D) | all of these |
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2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education