Biology (Mader), 10th Edition

Chapter 20: Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea

Learning Outcomes

After studying this chapter, you should be able to accomplish the following outcomes.

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

1. List the major components of a virus.
2. List the three criteria used to categorize viruses.
3. Explain why viruses are considered to be obligate intracellular parasites.
4. Outline the steps of bacteriophage reproduction, distinguishing between lytic and lysogenic cycles.
5. Outline the steps of animal virus reproduction, explaining how the process differs from that in bacterial cells.
6. Explain why retroviruses are unique.
7. Provide examples of human diseases that are caused by viruses, particularly emerging viruses.
8. Compare and contrast viroids and prions with one another and with viruses.

9. Describe the structure of a typical prokaryotic cell.
10. Explain how prokaryotic cells reproduce.
11. List the three means of genetic recombination in prokaryotes.

12. List the defining characteristics of members of domain Bacteria.
13. Describe how bacteria may be categorized with respect to their oxygen needs and tolerances.
14. Describe the nutritional modes of photoautotrophic, chemoautotrophic, and chemoheterotrophic bacteria.
15. Provide examples of symbiotic relationships between bacteria and other organisms.
16. Provide examples of human diseases caused by bacteria.
17. Explain how bacterial endospores enable survival in harsh conditions.
18. Explain how antibiotic drugs harm bacteria.
19. Discuss the ecological significance of cyanobacteria.

20. State the unique characteristics of domain Archaea that led to them being classified separately from the members of domain Bacteria.
21. List the three categories of archaea based on the extreme habitats in which they are found.

22. Explain why the HN51 virus is of so much concern.
23. List steps that can be taken to prepare for pandemic flu.