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Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4/e
Rod R. Seeley, Idaho State University
Philip Tate, Phoenix College
Trent D. Stephens, Idaho State University
The Heart

Study Outline

  1. The Cardiovascular System(Fig. 12.1, p. 312)
  2. Functions of the Heart(Fig. 12.2, p. 313)
    1. Generating blood pressureClinical Focus: Conditions and Diseases Affecting the Heart p. 329
    2. Routing blood
    3. Ensuring one-way blood flow
    4. Regulating blood supply
  3. Size, Form, and Location of the Heart(Fig. 12.3, p. 314)
  4. Anatomy of the Heart
    1. Pericardium(Fig. 12.4, p. 315)
      1. Fibrous pericardium
      2. Serous pericardium
        1. Parietal pericardium
        2. Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
      3. Pericardial cavity and fluid
    2. External anatomy(Fig. 12.5a, p. 315)
      (Fig. 12.5b, p. 316 - surface view)
      1. Sulci
      2. Veins
      3. Arteries
    3. Blood supply to the heart(Fig. 12.6, p. 316)
      1. Coronary arteries
      2. Cardiac veins
    4. Heart chambers and internal anatomy(Fig. 12.7, p. 318)
      1. Atria
      2. Ventricles
      3. Septa
      4. Major vessels
    5. Heart valves(Fig. 12.8, p. 318)
      1. Atrioventricular
        1. Tricuspid
        2. Bicuspid (mitral)
      2. Semilunar
        1. Pulmonary semilunar
        2. Aortic semilunar
      3. Papillary muscles and chordae tendinae(Fig. 12.9, p. 319)
      4. Skeleton of the heart(Fig. 12.10, p. 319)
  5. Route of Blood Flow through the Heart(Fig. 12.11, p. 320)
    1. Entry
    2. Exit
  6. Heart Wall and Cardiac Muscle(Fig. 12.12, p. 321)
    1. Heart wall
      1. Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
      2. Myocardium
      3. Endocardium
    2. Cardiac muscle(Fig. 12.13, p. 315)
      1. Cells, myofibrils, myofilaments, and sarcomeres
      2. Intercalated disks and gap junctions
  7. Electrical Activity of the Heart
    1. The action potential
      1. Comparison of skeletal and cardiac muscle(Fig. 12.14, p. 322)
      2. Plateau phase and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
      3. The refractory period
      4. Spontaneous activity in SA node
    2. Conduction system of the heart(Fig. 12.15, p. 324)
      1. SA node (pacemaker)
      2. AV node
      3. Atrioventricular bundle
      4. Left and right bundle branches
      5. Purkinje fibers
    3. Electrocardiogram(Fig. 12.16, p. 324)
      1. P wave
      2. QRS complex
      3. T wave
      4. P-Q (P-R) interval
      5. Q-T interval
      6. Cardiac arrhythmias(Table 12.1, p. 325)
  8. Cardiac cycle(Fig. 12.17, p. 327)
    1. Atrial systole and diastole
    2. Ventricular systole and diastole
    3. Events of a single complete cycle
  9. Heart Sounds(Fig. 12.18, p. 328)
    1. First heart sound
    2. Second heart sound
    3. Murmurs
      1. Incompetent valves
      2. Stenosed valves
  10. Regulation of Heart Function Clinical Focus: Treatment and Prevention of Heart
    1. Cardiac outputDiseasep. 333-34
    2. Intrinsic regulation of the heart
      1. Preload and afterload
      2. Starling's law of the heart
    3. Extrinsic regulation of the heart(Fig. 12.19, p. 331)
      1. Sympathetic and parasympathetic
      2. Baroreceptor reflex(Fig. 12.20, p. 332)
      3. Cardioregulatory center
      4. Epinephrine and norepinephrine
      5. Chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata(Fig. 12.21, p. 333)
      6. Emotions
      7. Ions
      8. Body temperature
  11. Systems Pathology - Myocardial InfarctionSystems Interaction Table








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