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| 1 | |
According to Freud, the superego is: |
| | A) | the moral branch of personality. |
| | B) | totally unconscious. |
| | C) | the executive branch of the psyche. |
| | D) | an individual's reservoir of psychic energy. |
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| 2 | |
The first Freudian stage of development is referred to as the __________ stage. |
| | A) | anal |
| | B) | latency |
| | C) | oral |
| | D) | Genital |
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| 3 | |
Which of Erikson's stages of development is experienced during the adolescent years? |
| | A) | initiative versus guilt |
| | B) | integrity versus despair |
| | C) | trust versus mistrust |
| | D) | identity versus identity confusion |
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| 4 | |
Alfred Adler, Erik Fromm, Karen Horney, and Carl Jung are referred to as: |
| | A) | behaviourists. |
| | B) | neo-Freudians. |
| | C) | ethologists. |
| | D) | humanists. |
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| 5 | |
According to Carl Jung, the psyche is made up of the ego, the personal unconscious, and the: |
| | A) | superego. |
| | B) | collective unconscious. |
| | C) | conscious mind. |
| | D) | id. |
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| 6 | |
Piaget used the term assimilation to refer to: |
| | A) | the first stage of cognitive development. |
| | B) | the incorporation of new information into one's existing knowledge. |
| | C) | the ability to slightly alter one's conception of the world. |
| | D) | one's adjustment to new information. |
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| 7 | |
In Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development, children begin to: |
| | A) | represent the world with words. |
| | B) | use abstract thought. |
| | C) | use logical reasoning. |
| | D) | coordinate sensory experiences. |
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| 8 | |
Who developed a socio-cultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interactions guide cognitive development? |
| | A) | Piaget |
| | B) | Rogers |
| | C) | Vygotsky |
| | D) | Bandura |
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| 9 | |
Which of the following is a criticism of the cognitive approach to development? |
| | A) | There are no detailed descriptions of cognitive processes. |
| | B) | Too much emphasis is placed upon stages of development. |
| | C) | It is dominated by a negative view of development. |
| | D) | Not enough attention is given to individual variations. |
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| 10 | |
From B. F. Skinner's point of view, behaviour is explained by paying attention to: |
| | A) | the rewards and punishments that shape behaviour. |
| | B) | the unconscious processes that determine behaviour. |
| | C) | individuals' cognitive interpretations of their environmental experiences. |
| | D) | the biological processes that determine maturation. |
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| 11 | |
Watson's experiment with little Albert: |
| | A) | proved that fears cannot be learned through classical conditioning. |
| | B) | proved that the concepts of classical conditioning can not be applied to humans. |
| | C) | did not provide the scientific community with valuable information. |
| | D) | would be considered unethical today. |
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| 12 | |
According to Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, the three factors that reciprocally influence development involve: |
| | A) | behaviour, cognition, and the environment. |
| | B) | punishment, reward, and reinforcement. |
| | C) | memory, problem solving, and reasoning. |
| | D) | cognition, reward, and observation. |
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| 13 | |
Konrad Lorenz discovered that baby geese imprint to: |
| | A) | their mother only. |
| | B) | any adult female bird. |
| | C) | any adult bird. |
| | D) | the first moving object seen. |
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| 14 | |
One of the most important applications of ethological theory to human development involves: |
| | A) | John Bowlby's research demonstrating that critical periods are evident in birds, but do not occur in humans. |
| | B) | John Bowlby's research demonstrating that attachment to a caregiver in the first year of life has important consequences throughout the life span. |
| | C) | John Bowlby's research demonstrating that despite negative or insecure attachment in the first year, the individual is still likely to develop into a healthy adult. |
| | D) | Mary Salter Ainsworth's research demonstrating a lack of connection between attachment early in life and later life adjustment. |
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| 15 | |
Rogerian therapy focuses on: |
| | A) | mirroring the client's thoughts and feelings. |
| | B) | developing defense mechanisms. |
| | C) | leading the client through five prescribed steps to self-actualization. |
| | D) | directing the client to acknowledge and accept incongruities. |
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| 16 | |
Maslow's "Hierarchy of Needs" is used to explain: |
| | A) | the cognitive approach to development. |
| | B) | human attachment. |
| | C) | human motivation. |
| | D) | the ethological approach to development. |
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| 17 | |
According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, growing up in a particular culture would be a part of an individual's: |
| | A) | microsystem. |
| | B) | exosystem. |
| | C) | macrosystem. |
| | D) | chronosystem. |
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| 18 | |
A major strength of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory is its framework for explaining: |
| | A) | environmental influences on development. |
| | B) | biological influences on development. |
| | C) | cognitive development. |
| | D) | affective processes in development. |
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| 19 | |
Growing up as a "Baby Boomer" would be part of a person's: |
| | A) | microsystem. |
| | B) | mesosystem. |
| | C) | exosystem. |
| | D) | chronosystem. |
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| 20 | |
An approach that simultaneously consists of several different theoretical perspectives is referred to as: |
| | A) | nondescript. |
| | B) | eclectic. |
| | C) | quasi-experimental. |
| | D) | pseudoscientific. |
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