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| anger cry | A cry similar to the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal chords (associated with exasperation or rage). (See page(s) 157) |
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| attachment | A close emotional bond between particular social figures. (See page(s) 164) |
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| basic cry | A rhythmic pattern usually consisting of a cry, a briefer silence, a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry. (See page(s) 157) |
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| difficult child | A child who tends to react negatively and cry frequently, who engages in irregular daily routines, and who is slow to accept new experiences. (See page(s) 160) |
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| easy child | A child who is generally in a positive mood, who quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and who adapts easily to new experiences. (See page(s) 160) |
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| emotion | Feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal (a fast heartbeat, for example), conscious experience (thinking about being in love with someone, for example), and behavioural expression (a smile or grimace, for example). (See page(s) 156) |
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| emotion regulation | Effectively managing arousal to adapt to and reach a goal. (See page(s) 158) |
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| insecure avoidant babies | Babies that show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver. (See page(s) 165) |
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| insecure disorganized babies | Babies that show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented. (See page(s) 165) |
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| insecure resistant babies | Babies that might cling to the caregiver, then resist by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away. (See page(s) 165) |
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| Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System (MAX) | Izard's system of coding infants' facial expressions related to emotions. Using MAX, coders watch slow-motion and stop-action videotapes of infants' facial reactions to stimuli. (See page(s) 156) |
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| pain cry | A sudden appearance of loud crying without preliminary moaning and a long initial cry followed by an extended period of breath holding. (See page(s) 157) |
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| reciprocal socialization | Socialization that is bi-directional; children socialize parents, just as parents socialize children. (See page(s) 169) |
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| reflexive smile | A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli. It happens during the month after birth, usually during irregular patterns of sleep. (See page(s) 158) |
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| secure attachment | The infant uses a caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment. Ainsworth believes that secure attachment in the first year of life provides an important foundation for psychological development later in life. (See page(s) 165) |
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| slow-to-warm-up child | A child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, shows low adaptability, and displays a low intensity of mood. (See page(s) 160) |
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| social referencing | "Reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation. (See page(s) 158) |
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| social smile | A smile in response to an external stimulus, which, early in development, typically is a face. (See page(s) 158) |
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| Strange Situation | An observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order. (See page(s) 165) |
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| stranger anxiety | An infant's fear and wariness of strangers; it tends to appear in the second half of the first year of life. (See page(s) 158) |
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| temperament | An individual's behavioural style and characteristic way of emotional response. (See page(s) 159) |