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| 1 | |
Olivia's parents openly value Olivia's participation in family conversations. Although she frequently misunderstands the topic, they answer her questions, help her to join in, or simply enjoy her sometimes fantastic ideas. According to Erik Erikson, these parents are encouraging: |
| | A) | initiative. |
| | B) | conscience. |
| | C) | identification. |
| | D) | self-concept. |
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| 2 | |
Preschoolers most often describe themselves in terms of their: |
| | A) | thoughts. |
| | B) | physical characteristics. |
| | C) | emotions. |
| | D) | relationships to other people. |
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| 3 | |
Children show an increased ability to reflect on emotions by age: |
| | A) | 18 to 24 months. |
| | B) | 2 to 3 years. |
| | C) | 4 to 5 years. |
| | D) | 6 to 7 years. |
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| 4 | |
A major distinction between autonomous morality and heteronomous morality is that autonomous moral thinkers focus on the: |
| | A) | consequences of behaviour. |
| | B) | intentions of someone who breaks a rule. |
| | C) | way a specific behaviour makes them feel. |
| | D) | rewards moral behaviour will bring. |
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| 5 | |
Piaget believed that the social understanding of autonomous children comes about through: |
| | A) | parental modelling. |
| | B) | what they learn in their educational settings. |
| | C) | biological maturation. |
| | D) | the mutual give-and-take of peer relations. |
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| 6 | |
According to social cognitive theorists, the ability to resist temptation is closely tied to the development of: |
| | A) | empathic behaviour. |
| | B) | spontaneity. |
| | C) | abstract reasoning. |
| | D) | self-control. |
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| 7 | |
Which cognitive ability is essential to the capacity for empathy? |
| | A) | Conservation |
| | B) | logical reasoning |
| | C) | decentration |
| | D) | perspective taking |
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| 8 | |
Gender identity refers to the: |
| | A) | biological dimension of being male or female. |
| | B) | social and psychological dimensions of being male or female. |
| | C) | sense of being male or female. |
| | D) | set of expectations that prescribe how males or females should think, act, or feel. |
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| 9 | |
Female sex hormones are called _________ ; male sex hormones are called __________. |
| | A) | estrogens/androgens |
| | B) | testosterones/estrogens |
| | C) | androgens/testosterones |
| | D) | androgens/estrogens |
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| 10 | |
In terms of parental influences on their children's gender development: |
| | A) | fathers are more consistently given responsibility for physical care. |
| | B) | mothers are more likely to engage in playful interaction. |
| | C) | mothers are more likely to be given responsibility for ensuring their children conform to cultural norms. |
| | D) | fathers engage in more rough-and- tumble-play with their sons than their daughters. |
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| 11 | |
The tendency for children to show a clear preference for being with and liking same-sex peers usually becomes stronger during: |
| | A) | the toddler years. |
| | B) | the preschool years. |
| | C) | the middle and late childhood years. |
| | D) | early adolescence. |
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| 12 | |
__________ theory states that an individual's attention and behaviour are guided by an internal motivation to conform to gender-based sociocultural standards and stereotypes. |
| | A) | Social cognitive |
| | B) | Identification |
| | C) | Gender schema |
| | D) | Cognitive developmental |
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| 13 | |
When Del showed up at kindergarten with a barrette in his hair, Andrew got very upset because he thought if Del wore a barrette he was a girl, not a boy. Andrew has not yet developed: |
| | A) | gender constancy. |
| | B) | gender schema. |
| | C) | sexual identification. |
| | D) | gender typing. |
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| 14 | |
All of the following characterize children of authoritarian parents EXCEPT: |
| | A) | failure to initiate activity. |
| | B) | weak communication skills. |
| | C) | anxiety about social comparison. |
| | D) | lack self-control. |
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| 15 | |
Mr. Williams was talking to Ms. Jones on the phone and they got disconnected. When he called Ms. Jones back, he explained that his daughter had cut the phone cord. Ms. Jones asked, "Didn't you see her with the scissors?" to which Mr. Williams replied, "Oh, we don't like to put limits on our children - they need to experience life to the fullest." It sounds like Mr. Williams is a(n) __________ parent. |
| | A) | authoritarian |
| | B) | authoritative |
| | C) | neglectful |
| | D) | indulgent |
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| 16 | |
In Canada, spanking is only allowed to be used on children between the ages of: |
| | A) | 8 and 14. |
| | B) | 1 and 7. |
| | C) | 2 and 12. |
| | D) | 10 and 15. |
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| 17 | |
Compared with lower SES parents, higher SES parents: |
| | A) | are more concerned that children conform to the expectations of society. |
| | B) | are less likely to use punishment. |
| | C) | are more directive. |
| | D) | are less conversational with their children. |
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| 18 | |
The research on the effects of divorce on children suggests that: |
| | A) | most children competently cope with their parents' divorce. |
| | B) | older children are better able to cope with their parents' divorce. |
| | C) | children from divorced families have slightly more adjustment problems than children from nondivorced families. |
| | D) | generally speaking, it is better for the children if parents remain in a marriage even if there is a great deal of conflict. |
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| 19 | |
Sarah and Tina's parents have recently divorced. Sarah now lives with their father, and Tina now lives with their mother. Based on the research in this area, which of the following might we expect? |
| | A) | Sarah will adjust better than Tina. |
| | B) | Tina will adjust better than Sarah. |
| | C) | Both girls will adjust well in time. |
| | D) | Neither girl will adjust well. |
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| 20 | |
Compared to later-born children, first-born children are: |
| | A) | more anxious. |
| | B) | less self-controlled. |
| | C) | less helpful. |
| | D) | more peer oriented. |
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| 21 | |
One of the most important functions of the peer group is to: |
| | A) | foster love and understanding. |
| | B) | act as a surrogate for the parents. |
| | C) | teach the importance of friendship. |
| | D) | teach about the world outside the family. |
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| 22 | |
Case studies of humans support all of the following conclusions EXCEPT: |
| | A) | peer relationships are not necessary for normal social development in children. |
| | B) | peer relationships contribute to the normal social development of children. |
| | C) | attachment to peers produces different effects than does attachment to adults. |
| | D) | isolation from peers can produce social maladjustment. |
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| 23 | |
Play therapy is based on the notion that: |
| | A) | play relaxes children and acts as a calming influence. |
| | B) | if the child feels less threatened, true feelings will be displayed. |
| | C) | the child will model adaptive behaviour during play. |
| | D) | increased cognitive functioning during play allows the child to understand whatever problem is being experienced. |
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| 24 | |
Parten's play categories are examples of increasingly complex and interactive: |
| | A) | pretense/symbolic play. |
| | B) | social play. |
| | C) | instructional play. |
| | D) | academic play. |
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| 25 | |
Practice play differs from sensorimotor play in that practice play: |
| | A) | is common in the infancy stage of development. |
| | B) | involves coordination of skills. |
| | C) | revolves around the use of symbols. |
| | D) | is done for its own sake. |
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