Please answer all questions

1		The __________ convey(s) urine from the kidneys toward the bladder.
			A)	urethra
			B)	nephrons
			C)	prostate gland
			D)	ureters
2		The __________ extend(s) from the urinary bladder to an external opening.
			A)	ureter
			B)	renal arteries
			C)	urethra
			D)	glomerulus
3		The stretch reflex to trigger the contraction of the urinary bladder is sent to the spinal cord when the urinary bladder holds about _____ milliliters of urine.
			A)	75
			B)	250
			C)	600
			D)	1,000
4		__________ is the primary nitrogenous end product of humans.
			A)	Ammonia
			B)	Uric acid
			C)	Urea
			D)	Creatine phosphate
5		Which of these is a vital function of the kidneys?
			A)	The kidneys maintain the water-salt balance of the body.
			B)	The kidneys regulate the blood's pH.
			C)	The kidneys assist the hormone system.
			D)	All of these are correct.
6		The outer layer of the kidney is the ________.
			A)	renal medulla
			B)	renal pelvis
			C)	renal cortex
7		The portion(s) of the kidneys that actually produce urine is/are the ________.
			A)	renal medulla
			B)	renal pyramids
			C)	nephrons
			D)	All of these are correct.
8		Podocytes are characteristic of what portion of a nephron?
			A)	glomerular capsule
			B)	capillary walls of the glomerulus
			C)	cells of the distal convoluted tubule
			D)	loop of the nephron
9		Microvilli, that increase the surface area for reabsorption, are numerous within which portion of the nephron?
			A)	proximal convoluted tubule
			B)	loop of the nephron
			C)	distal convoluted tubule
			D)	collecting ducts of several nephrons
10		Filterable blood components consist of ________.
			A)	water and salt
			B)	nitrogenous wastes
			C)	nutrients
			D)	All of these are correct.
11		If the composition of urine were like that of the glomerular filtrate, death would result from __________.
			A)	starvation
			B)	dehydration
			C)	low blood pressure
			D)	all of the above
12		Nutrients that are actively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule include all these except ____________.
			A)	glucose
			B)	amino acids
			C)	sodium ions
			D)	chloride ions
13		In diabetes mellitus, excess __________ occurs in the blood.
			A)	protein
			B)	fat
			C)	glucose
			D)	amino acid
14		The following materials are secreted from the blood in the peritubular capillaries into the distal convoluted tubule:_______.
			A)	hydrogen ions
			B)	creatinine
			C)	penicillin
			D)	All of these are correct.
15		The excretion of a hypertonic urine is dependent upon the action of the _____________.
			A)	glomerular capsule and proximal convoluted tubule
			B)	proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule
			C)	loop of Henle and collecting duct
16		What factor is involved in the regulation of salt balance, and thus blood volume and pressure, in the body?
			A)	juxtaglomerular apparatus
			B)	aldosterone
			C)	renin
			D)	all of the above.
17		Which of these is a diuretic?
			A)	caffeine
			B)	alcohol
			C)	both A and B
18		If blood is acidic, which ions are excreted?
			A)	hydrogen
			B)	sodium
			C)	both A and B
19		To maintain homeostasis, the kidney excretes and reabsorbs the following ions as needed: __________.
			A)	bicarbonate
			B)	potassium
			C)	calcium
			D)	all of the above
20		Individuals who need a kidney transplant usually must undergo an artificial treatment called ______ until a suitable kidney can be found.
			A)	hemodialysis
			B)	hemolysis
			C)	selective reabsorption
			D)	active transport