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1 | |
In both bacteria and humans, the percentage of the nitrogenous base cytosine is very close to the percentage of which other nitrogenous base? |
| | A) | adenine |
| | B) | guanine |
| | C) | thymine |
| | D) | phenylalanine |
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2 | |
DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids. In broad terms, what is the difference in their roles? |
| | A) | DNA serves as the "master copy" for genetic information in all species, while RNA transfers genetic information. |
| | B) | RNA serves as the "master copy" for genetic information in all species, while DNA transfers genetic information. |
| | C) | DNA serves as the "master copy" for genetic information in mammals, while RNA serves as the "master copy" in plants. |
| | D) | RNA serves as the "master copy" for genetic information in mammals, while DNA serves as the "master copy" in plants. |
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3 | |
Replication of DNA starts with separation of the two strands, followed by transport of nucleotides and the production of new strands. Which factors influence each step in replication?
I. enzymes
II. pH
III. temperature
IV. pressure |
| | A) | I and II only |
| | B) | II and III only |
| | C) | I, II, and III only |
| | D) | II, III, and IV only |
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4 | |
Assume that a DNA fingerprint is based on three different chromosomal segments. If the frequency of a match is determined to be 1 in 10 based on the first segment, 1 in 100 based on the second segment, and 1 in 1000 based on the third segment, what is the probability of a match for all three segments? |
| | A) | 1 in 100 |
| | B) | 1 in 1000 |
| | C) | 1 in 1,000,000 |
| | D) | 1 in 1,000,000,000 |
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5 | |
What causes the genetic disease sickle-cell anemia? |
| | A) | an error while incorporating a RNA printer into a DNA |
| | B) | an error in transferring DNA from the donor to the host medium |
| | C) | an error in an amino acid sequence, reflected in a corresponding error in a DNA codon. |
| | D) | an error when incorporating complementary bases into the backbone of DNA |
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6 | |
Why is the sheep named "Dolly" famous? |
| | A) | Dolly was the result of the very first cloning experiment. |
| | B) | Dolly was the first mammal cloned from adult cells. |
| | C) | Dolly was the first mammal successfully cloned on the first try. |
| | D) | Dolly's DNA is an exact replica of her mother and father's combined DNA. |
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7 | |
Why was the development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology so important that it was rewarded with a Nobel Prize? |
| | A) | PCR was the essential technology that led to the ability to harvest both genes and proteins in transgenic experiments. |
| | B) | PCR gave experimenters a new type of DNA probe, one that is essential to the process of DNA fingerprinting. |
| | C) | PCR made it possible for the first time to separate the strands of DNA so they could be identified and replicated. |
| | D) | PCR allows the experimenter to start with even a single DNA molecule and make a large number of copies in a relatively short time. |
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8 | |
What do the letters DNA represent? |
| | A) | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| | B) | dinitrogenous acid |
| | C) | dextronitrogenamino acid |
| | D) | deoxynitrogenous amino acid |
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9 | |
What is the significance of the X-ray diffraction patterns observed by Rosalind Franklin in her experimentation? |
| | A) | The diffraction patterns were the first experiments to demonstrate base pairing. |
| | B) | The diffraction patterns were the final step in proving the double helix structure of DNA. |
| | C) | Observations of these patterns led to Rosalind Franklin's Nobel Prize in chemistry for discovering DNA. |
| | D) | Correct interpretation of the diffraction patterns led to the structural determination of DNA. |
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10 | |
What is the sequence that is complementary to the sequence TATCTAG? |
| | A) | TATCTAG |
| | B) | ATAGATC |
| | C) | CGCTCGA |
| | D) | GCGAGCT |
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11 | |
In this symbolic representation, the arrow points to what type of unit in the backbone of DNA?
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| | A) | nitrogeneous base |
| | B) | monosaccharide |
| | C) | nucleotide |
| | D) | phosphate group |
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12 | |
How could the production of genetically modified (GM) crops be beneficial to developing nations? |
| | A) | High nutrient crops would grow even in poor soil, helping to reduce malnutrition. |
| | B) | Antibiotic-resistant genes in the crops would help stem the spread of human disease. |
| | C) | Excess crops produced in the U.S. would have a new market, helping U.S. farmers. |
| | D) | The population of these nations would provide a check on the safety of GM crops. |
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13 | |
What are some of the important issues associated with molecular "pharming" of corn to produce ethanol for fuel at this time?
I. depletion of the soil
II. storage of flammable ethanol
III. shipping of this corn to Europe for food
IV. genetic modification of nearby food crops |
| | A) | I and IV only |
| | B) | II and III only |
| | C) | I, II, and IV only |
| | D) | I, II, III, and IV |
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14 | |
Those opposed to genetically modified trees often refer to them as "frankentrees." Those opposed to genetically modified foods often refer to them as "frankenfoods." Where do these terms come from? |
| | A) | The terms are derived from the German word "frankenstuf," meaning an unnatural, manufactured substance. |
| | B) | The term was name for Benjamin Franklin, who was one of the first to propose genetically modified plants and foods. |
| | C) | The terms frankentrees, which are genetically altered trees that never flower, and frankenfoods, which are not fit for consumption, imply cloning has been used to produce them. |
| | D) | The terms refer to Frankenstein, a fictional character who created a monster while trying to make another human being from human parts. |
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