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Human Development Across the Lifespan Cover Image
Human Development Across the Lifespan, 5/e
John S. Dacey, Boston College
John F. Travers, Boston College
Beginnings
Pregnancy and Brith

Outline

  1. The prenatal world
    1. Implantation
      1. Invasion
    2. The germinal period
      1. Week 1: Movement of zygote through the fallopian tube to the uterus
      2. Week 2: Blastocyst adheres to uterine wall; forms placenta, umbilical cord, and amniotic sac; visual system begins development
    3. The embryonic period
      1. Weeks 3+: Rapid development of nervous system
        1. Cellular differentiation: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
      2. Week 4: Heart beats
      3. Week 5
        1. Eyes and ears begin to emerge
        2. Body buds appear for arms and legs
      4. Weeks 6 and 7
        1. Fingers and toes are visible
        2. Beginning of spinal cord develops
      5. Week 8: About 95 percent of body parts are differentiated
    4. The fetal period
      1. Third month
        1. Sex organs appear
        2. Sense of touch becomes functional
      2. Fourth month
        1. Rapid growth, red blood cells, white blood cells
        2. Active sucking
      3. Fifth month
        1. Hears sound
        2. Sleeps
        3. 10-12 inches long, 1 pound
      4. Sixth month
        1. Rapid growth
        2. 12-14 inches long, 2 pounds
      5. Seventh month
        1. Growth slows
        2. Viability attained
      6. Eighth and ninth months
        1. Preparation for birth
        2. Senses ready to function
        3. Brain is 25 percent of adult weight
      7. Fetal surgery
      8. Development of the senses
  2. Influences on prenatal development
    1. Developmental risk
    2. Teratogens
      1. Infectious diseases
        1. Syphilis
        2. Toxoplasmosis
        3. Other infections
        4. Rubella
        5. Cytomegalovirus
        6. Herpes
        7. AIDS
      2. Chemicals
        1. Thalidomide
        2. DES
        3. Smoking
        4. Alcohol
    3. Maternal influences
      1. Maternal nutrition
      2. Maternal emotions
    4. Diagnosing fetal problems
      1. Amniocentesis
      2. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) test
      3. Fetoscopy
      4. Chorionic villi sampling (CVS)
      5. Ultrasound
  3. The birth process
    1. Stages in the birth process
      1. Signs of the beginning of labor
        1. Passage of blood from the vagina
        2. Passage of amniotic fluid from the ruptured amniotic sac through the vagina
        3. Uterine contractions and accompanying discomfort
      2. Dilation
      3. Expulsion
      4. Afterbirth
    2. Birth complications
      1. Forceps delivery
      2. Breech birth
      3. Cesarean section
      4. Prematurity
      5. Anoxia
      6. The Rh factor
    3. The special case of prematurity
      1. Facts about prematures
        1. Definition of prematurity: borderline; moderate; extreme
      2. Causes of prematurity
      3. Development of premature infants








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