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1 | |
_________ is the study of the interactions of organisms with each other and with the physical environment. |
| | A) | Anthropology |
| | B) | Ethology |
| | C) | Environmentalism |
| | D) | Ecology |
| | E) | Ecosytemology |
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2 | |
A/An _________ is defined as all the organisms within an area belonging to the same species. |
| | A) | ecosystem |
| | B) | biosphere |
| | C) | biome |
| | D) | population |
| | E) | community |
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3 | |
A/An _________ is the thin layer at the surface of the earth where life is possible. |
| | A) | ecosystem |
| | B) | biosphere |
| | C) | biome |
| | D) | population |
| | E) | community |
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4 | |
A/An _________ consists of all the various populations interacting at a locale. |
| | A) | ecosystem |
| | B) | biosphere |
| | C) | biome |
| | D) | superpopulation |
| | E) | community |
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5 | |
An ecosystem possesses _________. |
| | A) | humans and the animal life we study |
| | B) | both living and non-living components |
| | C) | all of the animal and plant life on earth |
| | D) | just the physical features, such as temperature and moisture, that affect life |
| | E) | a mathematical model of all plant and animal life |
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6 | |
The growth rate of a population is determined by considering the difference between the number of persons born and the number of persons who die per year. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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7 | |
At the time that a population growth curve begins to rise dramatically, that population is demonstrating its ______ potential. |
| | A) | exponential |
| | B) | biotic |
| | C) | additive |
| | D) | carrying |
| | E) | zero |
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8 | |
Biotic potential is the maximum growth rate possible under ideal conditions. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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9 | |
Whether the biotic potential is high or low depends upon ____________. |
| | A) | how often each individual reproduces |
| | B) | the age at which reproduction begins |
| | C) | the usual number of offspring per reproduction |
| | D) | the chances of survival until age of reproduction |
| | E) | all of the above |
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10 | |
When a pest arrives in a new field, the population is small and initial population growth is slow in the _________. |
| | A) | lag phase |
| | B) | exponential growth phase |
| | C) | deceleration phase |
| | D) | stable equilibrium phase |
| | E) | all of the above |
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11 | |
A population accelerates in growth until environmental resistance causes it to level off in the _________. |
| | A) | lag phase |
| | B) | exponential growth phase |
| | C) | deceleration phase |
| | D) | stable equilibrium phase |
| | E) | all of the above |
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12 | |
Exponential growth cannot continue for long because of _________, all those environmental conditions such as limited food, etc. |
| | A) | logistic growth |
| | B) | deceleration |
| | C) | biotic potential |
| | D) | environmental resistance |
| | E) | the lag phase |
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13 | |
The exponential growth curve (for many pest species) is J-shaped. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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14 | |
Logistic growth results in a/an ______-shaped growth curve. |
| | A) | bell |
| | B) | J |
| | C) | flat |
| | D) | U |
| | E) | S |
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15 | |
The slope of the growth curve begins to decline when ___________ sets in. |
| | A) | biotic potential |
| | B) | environmental resistance |
| | C) | carrying capacity |
| | D) | none of the above |
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16 | |
The ___________ is the maximum population that the environment can normally support for an indefinite period. |
| | A) | biotic potential |
| | B) | inflection point |
| | C) | carrying capacity |
| | D) | exponential rate |
| | E) | zero growth |
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17 | |
A group of individuals born at the same time is called a _________. |
| | A) | survivor |
| | B) | biotic potential |
| | C) | population |
| | D) | cohort |
| | E) | community |
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18 | |
Songbirds that die off at a steady rate throughout their lifetime have _________ survivorship curve. |
| | A) | a Type I |
| | B) | a Type II |
| | C) | a Type III |
| | D) | a Type IV |
| | E) | no |
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19 | |
Humans have _________ survivorship curve. |
| | A) | a Type I |
| | B) | a Type II |
| | C) | a Type III |
| | D) | a Type IV |
| | E) | no |
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20 | |
A _________ survivorship curve reflects a population where most individuals survive well past the midpoint and death does not come until near the end of the life span. |
| | A) | Type I |
| | B) | Type II |
| | C) | Type III |
| | D) | Type IV |
| | E) | Type V |
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21 | |
When reindeer were introduced to St. Paul Island, _________. |
| | A) | the reindeer population grew to a level permitted by the maximum amount of forage and then leveled off in a classic S-growth curve |
| | B) | the reindeer population never stopped growing since there were no deer predators on the island |
| | C) | the deer and the vegetation cycled up and down, just as the lynx and the snowshoe hare did. |
| | D) | the deer overpopulated the island, exceeding the vegetation limits, and then starved off |
| | E) | the deer population remained at about the level introduced |
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22 | |
The main difference between density-dependent and density-independent factors is _________. |
| | A) | whether the effect of the factor changes when the population of organisms increases |
| | B) | whether the organisms are plants or animals |
| | C) | a difference in weather versus natural disasters |
| | D) | random or determined by causes |
| | E) | whether the factors are physical or biological |
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23 | |
Fire would be an example of a density-dependent factor. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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24 | |
The human growth curve is ______ -shaped. |
| | A) | bell |
| | B) | J |
| | C) | flat |
| | D) | U |
| | E) | S |
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25 | |
The ______ time is the length of time it takes for a population size to double. |
| | A) | additive |
| | B) | exponential |
| | C) | leveling off |
| | D) | doubling |
| | E) | survivorship |
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26 | |
If the present rate of world growth continues, the world population will double in ______ years. |
| | A) | 10 |
| | B) | 16 |
| | C) | 47 |
| | D) | 86 |
| | E) | 152 |
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27 | |
It is apparent from the position of 1997 on the growth curve that growth is quite slow now. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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28 | |
After 1800, the world population growth rate steadily decreased. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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29 | |
If the world population doubles, we will need double the amount of _________. |
| | A) | food and water |
| | B) | jobs |
| | C) | energy |
| | D) | all of the above |
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30 | |
If the growth rate continues to decline, eventually there will be ______ population growth when births equal deaths. |
| | A) | zero |
| | B) | single-digit |
| | C) | exponential |
| | D) | additive |
| | E) | negative |
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31 | |
More-developed countries (MDCs) ________. |
| | A) | have rapidly expanding populations to produce and consume products |
| | B) | have low population growth and enjoy a good standard of living |
| | C) | are very poor and are working to expand production of goods and people |
| | D) | have low populations and low consumption levels |
| | E) | all of the above |
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32 | |
The term "third world countries" referred mainly to countries in __________. |
| | A) | Europe |
| | B) | North America |
| | C) | Russia and the former U.S.S.R. |
| | D) | Latin America, Africa and the poorer countries of Asia |
| | E) | anything beyond the U.S.A. and U.S.S.R./Russia |
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33 | |
The countries of Europe, North America, Australia, Japan and New Zealand are among the nations to be known as the more ______ countries (MDCs). |
| | A) | diverse |
| | B) | dry |
| | C) | demographic |
| | D) | developed |
| | E) | democratic |
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34 | |
When a country modernizes and sees a decrease in death rate followed by a decrease in birth rate, this is called _________. |
| | A) | unlimited economic growth |
| | B) | r-selection |
| | C) | MDC growth effect |
| | D) | demographic transition |
| | E) | zero population effect |
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35 | |
The doubling of populations in the MDCs between 1850 and 1950 was largely due to a decline in the death rate, the result of ________. |
| | A) | modern medicine |
| | B) | birth control |
| | C) | more food |
| | D) | biotic potential |
| | E) | inflection point |
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36 | |
The U.S. racial/ethnic mix will become less diverse in the near future. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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37 | |
Due to _____________, the Hispanic and Asian-American populations in the U.S. expected to grow fairly rapidly. |
| | A) | immigration and per capita increase |
| | B) | negative growth of Caucasians |
| | C) | emigration of Caucasians |
| | D) | increased ineffectiveness of future birth control methods |
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38 | |
The large number of babies born between 1947 and 1964 is called the baby boom generation. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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39 | |
The condition where each couple has two children is called ______ reproduction. |
| | A) | replacement |
| | B) | random |
| | C) | carrying capacity |
| | D) | zero |
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40 | |
If there are more young women entering the reproductive years than there are older women leaving them behind, then replacement reproduction will give a positive growth rate. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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41 | |
Most LDCs have a ______ profile. |
| | A) | stabilized |
| | B) | narrowed |
| | C) | youthful |
| | D) | S-curve |
| | E) | J-curve |
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42 | |
The longer it takes to achieve replacement reproduction, the sooner zero population growth will result. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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43 | |
A ____________ consists of the full range of energy, nutrient and survival requirements of an organism. |
| | A) | habitat |
| | B) | population |
| | C) | community |
| | D) | ecosystem |
| | E) | niche |
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44 | |
____________ occurs when organisms rival for the same resources such as food, living space, or mates. |
| | A) | Isolation |
| | B) | Speciation |
| | C) | Succession |
| | D) | Mutualism |
| | E) | Competition |
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45 | |
The competitive exclusion principle states that _________. |
| | A) | two species in the same niche will eventually destroy the niche and go extinct |
| | B) | two species in the same niche will eventually evolve to share the same resources |
| | C) | no two species can occupy the same niche at the same time |
| | D) | exotic species are always better than native species at using resources |
| | E) | all of the above are true |
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46 | |
The two species of barnacles, Balanus and Chthamalus, live in intertidal zone and distribute free-swimming larvae over all exposed rocks. As a consequence __________. |
| | A) | they have evolved to co-exist in the same niche |
| | B) | either Balanus or Chthamalus must eventually become locally extinct |
| | C) | one is a predator of the other |
| | D) | Balanus is faster growing and crowds out Chthamalus in lower tidal zone while Chthamalus endures the drier conditions in upper tidal zone |
| | E) | there is no way to determine which will survive since it is a random field event |
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47 | |
Which is/are a case(s) of competitive exclusion? |
| | A) | Carp imported into United States have reduced the native species of bottom-dwelling fish. |
| | B) | The ornamental tree Melaleuca introduced to Florida is a pest in Everglades and has reduced native plant populations. |
| | C) | The burro, originally from Ethiopia and Somalia, is a threat to survival of native deer, pronghorn antelope and desert bighorn sheep in the Grand Canyon. |
| | D) | Current concerns that genetically-engineered organisms might outcompete native species. |
| | E) | All of the above are cases of competitive exclusion from highly successful competitors. |
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48 | |
_________ occurs when one organism feeds upon another. |
| | A) | Predation |
| | B) | Speciation |
| | C) | Succession |
| | D) | Mutualism |
| | E) | Competition |
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49 | |
When Didinia and Paramecia are in same test tube, Didinia engulf all the Paramecia and then die of starvation. Paramecia are the _______. |
| | A) | predators |
| | B) | competitors |
| | C) | native species |
| | D) | prey |
| | E) | mutualists |
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50 | |
Records of fur pelts show lynx populations and snowshoe hare populations __________. |
| | A) | remain constant with more lynx than hares |
| | B) | remain constant with more hares than lynx |
| | C) | fluctuate with hares going up when lynx go down and the reverse |
| | D) | fluctuate with lynx populations lower but closely following hare population trends |
| | E) | fluctuate randomly with weather |
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51 | |
In its broadest sense, predaceous consumers include ___________. |
| | A) | parasitic ticks |
| | B) | blue whales that filter krill from ocean waters |
| | C) | herbaceous deer that graze on tree leaves |
| | D) | caterpillars that feed on grasses |
| | E) | all of the above |
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52 | |
Concealment, fright, and warning coloration are examples of _________. |
| | A) | mimicry |
| | B) | exotic modifications |
| | C) | predation strategies |
| | D) | antipredator defenses |
| | E) | strategies for competitive exclusion |
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53 | |
__________occurs when one species resembles another that possess an antipredator defense. |
| | A) | Predation |
| | B) | Speciation |
| | C) | Succession |
| | D) | Mutualism |
| | E) | Mimicry |
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54 | |
A harmless syrphid fly resembles coloration of wasp; predators stung by wasps avoid this fly. This is an example of _______ mimicry. |
| | A) | camouflage |
| | B) | Batesian |
| | C) | Mullerian |
| | D) | Darwinian |
| | E) | no |
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55 | |
When many black-and-yellow insects (bees, wasps, hornets), all with antipredator defenses, share the same defense and warning coloration, it is an example of _______ mimicry. |
| | A) | camouflage |
| | B) | Batesian |
| | C) | Mullerian |
| | D) | Darwinian |
| | E) | no |
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56 | |
__________ is a close association between two species where at least one species is dependent upon the other. |
| | A) | Predation |
| | B) | Speciation |
| | C) | Succession |
| | D) | Symbiosis |
| | E) | Mimicry |
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57 | |
Ticks, fleas, leeches, and disease organisms are examples of _____________. |
| | A) | parasites |
| | B) | commensals |
| | C) | predators |
| | D) | mutualists |
| | E) | prey |
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58 | |
___________ is a symbiotic relationship where the ______ derives nourishment from the host. |
| | A) | Parasitism; parasite |
| | B) | Commensalism; commensal |
| | C) | Mimicry; mimic |
| | D) | Mutualism; mutualist |
| | E) | Evolution; mutant |
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59 | |
An example(s) of parasitism include(s) _______. |
| | A) | disease bacteria and protists |
| | B) | the blood fluke that causes schistosomiasis |
| | C) | a deer tick that transmits Lyme disease among mice, deer, and humans |
| | D) | the fungus that causes Dutch elm disease |
| | E) | all of the above |
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60 | |
Many parasites use a/an ___________ host to disperse or transmit the parasite to the primary host. |
| | A) | primary |
| | B) | ectoparasitic |
| | C) | endoparasitic |
| | D) | commensal |
| | E) | secondary |
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61 | |
_________ is a relationship between two species where one is benefitted and other is neither harmed or benefitted. |
| | A) | Parasitism |
| | B) | Commensalism |
| | C) | Predation |
| | D) | Mutualism |
| | E) | Mimicry |
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62 | |
A/An example of organisms in a commensalism relationship is/are _______. |
| | A) | sharks and remoras |
| | B) | clownfishes and sea anemones |
| | C) | cattle egrets and cattle |
| | D) | all of the above |
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63 | |
_________ is a symbiotic relationship in which both members of the association benefit. |
| | A) | Parasitism |
| | B) | Commensalism |
| | C) | Predation |
| | D) | Mutualism |
| | E) | Mimicry |
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64 | |
An example(s) of mutualism include(s) _______. |
| | A) | bullhorn acacia tree that provides home for the ant Pseudomyrmex ferruginea |
| | B) | small fish clean parasites from the mouths of large fish |
| | C) | bacteria in protozoa in termite gut allow digestion of cellulose |
| | D) | insect pollinators and flowers |
| | E) | all of the above |
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65 | |
Which of the following is NOT true about the ant--acacia tree mutualism? |
| | A) | the tree provides home for the ant Pseudomyrmex ferruginea |
| | B) | ants feed from nectaries at base of leaves |
| | C) | acacia provides ants with fat and protein-laden nodules called Beltian bodies at leaf tips |
| | D) | ants feed on the leaves and roots of the acacia tree |
| | E) | ) ants protect the plant from herbivores that might eat acacia and also clear away seedlings around acacia and prevent it from being "shaded out" |
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66 | |
___________ is a sequential change in species within a community. |
| | A) | Symbiosis |
| | B) | Succession |
| | C) | Diversity |
| | D) | Biogeography |
| | E) | A climax community |
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67 | |
Primary succession begins with bare rock and takes a very long time. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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68 | |
___________ begins in abandoned field with soil layers already in place. |
| | A) | A climax community |
| | B) | Biogeography |
| | C) | Symbiosis |
| | D) | Primary succession |
| | E) | Secondary succession |
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69 | |
Pioneer species such as __________ begin to build up soil in primary succession. |
| | A) | pine trees |
| | B) | shrubs |
| | C) | grasses |
| | D) | old deciduous forests |
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70 | |
"A wet climate and moderate temperatures always lead to a temperate deciduous forest" is an example of the _________. |
| | A) | climax-pattern model |
| | B) | facilitation model |
| | C) | inhibition model |
| | D) | tolerance model |
| | E) | niche-limitation model |
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71 | |
"Chance determines which plant seeds arrive in one locale, and trees take longer to develop than do annual grasses." This explanation of succession would be given by the _______. |
| | A) | climax-pattern model |
| | B) | facilitation model |
| | C) | inhibition model |
| | D) | tolerance model |
| | E) | niche-limitation model |
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72 | |
"The growth of grasses build up the soil to a depth where shrubs and trees can survive." This explanation of succession would be given by the _______. |
| | A) | climax-pattern model |
| | B) | facilitation model |
| | C) | inhibition model |
| | D) | tolerance model |
| | E) | niche-limitation model |
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73 | |
"Each plant stage holds onto their space until they are damaged." This explanation of succession would be given by the ____________ . |
| | A) | climax-pattern model |
| | B) | facilitation model |
| | C) | inhibition model |
| | D) | tolerance model |
| | E) | niche-limitation model |
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