Please answer all questions

1		The fetus receives nourishment primarily through:
			A)	antibodies.
			B)	meconium.
			C)	the placenta.
			D)	amniotic fluid.
2		A maternal practice that can be harmful to the fetus is:
			A)	a low-carbohydrate diet.
			B)	fasting.
			C)	smoking.
			D)	all of the above.
3		To produce a healthy infant, the mother should ideally have an adequate diet:
			A)	during the 9 months she carries the infant.
			B)	during the last trimester when the baby is growing so rapidly.
			C)	during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.
			D)	beginning months before conception occurs and continuing through the period of lactation.
4		During which trimester do most organs show great development, making this the most critical time with respect to fetal development?
			A)	1st
			B)	2nd
			C)	3rd
			D)	all of the above
5		The third trimester is the main time for storage of:
			A)	iron, fat, and calcium.
			B)	iron, calcium, and folate.
			C)	vitamin D, vitamin K, and fat.
			D)	fat, calcium, and folate.
6		Infants born after normal gestation length but weighing less than 5.5 pounds are labeled
			A)	low birth weight.
			B)	small for gestational age.
			C)	preterm.
			D)	normal, the smaller the better
7		The pregnant woman needs to increase her energy intake by about how many calories per day during the last two trimesters of pregnancy.
			A)	100 kcal
			B)	400 kcal
			C)	600 kcal
			D)	800 kcal
8		An energy source to avoid in pregnancy is:
			A)	fat.
			B)	protein.
			C)	carbohydrate.
			D)	alcohol.
9		Which of the following is not a component of weight gain in pregnancy?
			A)	breast tissue
			B)	amniotic fluid
			C)	thigh muscles
			D)	blood volume
10		An increased requirement for which nutrients during pregnancy is related to their roles in the synthesis of red blood cells.
			A)	vitamin E and vitamin C
			B)	niacin and copper
			C)	folate and vitamin B-12
			D)	protein and calcium
11		Weight gain in pregnancy for a woman of normal weight should usually be at least:
			A)	15 to 25 pounds.
			B)	25 to 35 pounds.
			C)	28 to 40 pounds.
			D)	35 to 45 pounds.
12		Which condition can occur if calories (particularly carbohydrates) are extremely low. This results in a poor energy supply for the fetal brain, possibly leading to decreased brain development.
			A)	apoptosis
			B)	diverticulosis
			C)	ketosis
			D)	all of the above
13		During pregnancy the woman who is a vegan may not obtain adequate amounts of which of the following nutrients?
			A)	niacin, vitamin D, magnesium, and iodide
			B)	calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamin B-12
			C)	thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, and folate
			D)	vitamin C, vitamin B-6, phosphorus, and sodium
14		Which of the following probably faces the highest pregnancy risk?
			A)	white, mature, lower socioeconomic family
			B)	nonwhite, adolescent, upper middle-class family
			C)	white, mature female, middle-class family
			D)	nonwhite, adolescent, lower socioeconomic family
15		Select the following factor that is least likely to pose a risk to maternal and fetal health during pregnancy and childbirth.
			A)	underweight mother
			B)	maternal age 15 years or under
			C)	many closely spaced pregnancies
			D)	maternal age of 30 to 35 years
16		The risk of delivering a preterm or small for gestational age infant increases with maternal:
			A)	smoking.
			B)	alcohol consumption.
			C)	illegal or improper drug use.
			D)	all of the above.
17		Though it is impossible to exactly define a successful pregnancy, which of the following is a desirable goal:
			A)	gestational period longer than 40 weeks.
			B)	gestational period longer than 37 weeks.
			C)	birth weight greater than 2500 grams.
			D)	B and C.
18		To avoid constipation, the pregnant woman should increase her intake of:
			A)	milk and dairy products.
			B)	whole-grain bread and fruits.
			C)	sugars and starches.
			D)	lean meat, poultry, and fish.
19		The "physiological anemia of pregnancy" is a result of a(n):
			A)	increase in the mother's blood volume.
			B)	decrease in the mother's iron absorption.
			C)	decrease in the mother's water consumption.
			D)	decrease in the mother's red blood cell production.
20		The hormone responsible for the let-down reflex in breastfeeding is:
			A)	thyroid-stimulating hormone.
			B)	prolactin.
			C)	insulin.
			D)	oxytocin.
21		Colostrum:
			A)	can be synthesized by the newborn infant but not by a fetus.
			B)	is a source of antibodies and secreted from the breast for the first few days after birth.
			C)	contains primarily fat.
			D)	is a hormone involved in stimulating lactation.
22		A major advantage of breastfeeding for the infant is:
			A)	the E. coli factor.
			B)	passive immunity.
			C)	the high casein content.
			D)	low lactose content.
23		An attribute of human milk that keeps the infant from supporting the growth of some harmful intestinal bacteria is:
			A)	lactase.
			B)	albumin.
			C)	let-down reflex.
			D)	bifidus factor.
24		The let-down reflex:
			A)	causes depression in a new mother after the birth.
			B)	moves the hindmilk toward the nipple after the infant has drawn the foremilk.
			C)	forces milk to the nipple area of the breast.
			D)	stimulates the "rooting reflex"
25		In general, nutritional deficits in the breastfeeding mother:
			A)	reduce the quantity of her milk.
			B)	reduce all nutrients equally.
			C)	stop lactation entirely.
			D)	reduce the quality of her milk.
26		The breastfeeding woman with normal fat stores from pregnancy needs to increase her energy intake by about how many calories per day?
			A)	100 kcal
			B)	300 kcal
			C)	450 kcal
			D)	800 kcal