Outline

Cosmology 335

11.1 Observations of the Universe 336

Distribution of Galaxies 336

Motion of Galaxies 337

Age of the Universe 338

Extending Our Reach: Estimating the Age of the Universe 338

Re-Modeling: Age Discrepancy 339

The Cosmic Horizon 340

The Size of the Universe 340

Are We at the Center of the Universe? 341

Olbers' Paradox 341

The Cosmic Microwave Background 343

Composition of the Oldest Stars 344

Conclusions Deduced from the Basic Observations of the Universe 345

11.2 Evolution of the Universe: Open or Closed? 346

The Density of the Universe 347

A Cosmological Repulsion? 348

11.3 The Shape of the Universe 349

11.4 The Origin of the Universe 350

Radiation, Matter, and Antimatter in the Early Universe 351

History of Matter and Radiation in the Early Universe 352

The Formation of Galaxies 353

11.5 The Inflationary Universe 354

Extending Our Imagination: Grand Unified Theories 355

Overview 5 The Earth and Moon 361

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