Outline

Stellar Remnants: White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, and Black Holes 241

8.1 White Dwarfs 242

General Properties, Origin, and Fate 242

Structure of White Dwarfs 243

Degeneracy and the Chandrasekhar Limit 244

White Dwarfs in Binary Systems: Novas and Supernovas of Type I 245

8.2 Neutron Stars 246

General Properties and Origin 246

Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars 247

Emission from Neutron Stars 249

X-Ray Binary Stars 252

8.3 Black Holes 253

The Formation of Black Holes 255

Observing Black Holes 255

Gravitational Waves from Double Compact Stars 256

Hawking Radiation 257

Overview 4 The Milky Way and Other Galaxies 261