When students have studied the material in the chapter, they will be able to answer the following:

• Introduction
1. Explain how differentiation and reorganization produce qualitative change during prenatal development.
2. How do factors at each level in BronfenbrennerÕs model affect prenatal development?
3. What practical implications does information about genetics and prenatal development have for parents-to-be?
• Genetic processes
4. Describe the basic structure of human genes and chromosomes.
5. Explain the processes of mitosis and meiosis.
6. Discuss how genes and the environment interact during prenatal development.
• Conception
7. Describe the process of conception and the events leading up to it.
• Prenatal development
8. List the three stages of prenatal development and summarize the events in each one.
• The mother's experience of pregnancy
9. Explain what is meant by trimesters of pregnancy and what occurs during each one.
• Problems in prenatal development
10. Explain the major sources of birth defects and give examples of each type.
11. Discuss the use of prenatal diagnostic techniques and genetic testing and counseling.
• Birth
12. Describe what happens during each of the three stages of labor.
13. Discuss the most common birth complications and their developmental outcomes.
• Prenatal development in context
14. Explain how considering context enhances understanding of prenatal development.