 |
1 | |
In the stories of Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget, Santrock was illustrating: |
| | A) | the similarities between their theories. |
| | B) | how growing up in different countries caused each to view life differently. |
| | C) | how personal experiences might influence the direction in which a theorist goes. |
| | D) | the debate between a nature theorist and a nurture theorist. |
|
|
2 | |
Scientific research is characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | objective. |
| | B) | systematic. |
| | C) | intuitive. |
| | D) | testable. |
|
|
3 | |
An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps explain and make predictions is a: |
| | A) | theory. |
| | B) | hypothesis. |
| | C) | paradigm. |
| | D) | scientific law. |
|
|
4 | |
An assumption or prediction that can be tested to determine its accuracy is a/an: |
| | A) | theory. |
| | B) | hypothesis. |
| | C) | scientific fact. |
| | D) | independent variable. |
|
|
5 | |
The first step in the scientific method is to: |
| | A) | identify the problem. |
| | B) | collect data. |
| | C) | draw conclusions. |
| | D) | revise research conclusions and theory. |
|
|
6 | |
A psychoanalytic researcher would be primarily interested in _____________ processes. |
| | A) | learned |
| | B) | unconscious |
| | C) | biologically based |
| | D) | social |
|
|
7 | |
Malcolm will not take illegal drugs because he believes that breaking the law is immoral. Malcolm relies on his in the decision-making process. |
| | A) | id |
| | B) | est |
| | C) | ego |
| | D) | superego |
|
|
8 | |
Sara was extremely strict while she was toilet training her two-year-old son, Harris. She scolded him and made him sit on a "potty chair" for an hour if he soiled his pants. Then she would make him wash his soiled pants. Later in life, Harris became extremely stingy and obsessively clean. In Freudian terms, Harris had during the anal stage. |
| | A) | projected |
| | B) | fixated |
| | C) | become motivated |
| | D) | overdeveloped |
|
|
9 | |
During the ____________ stage, Freud believed that pleasure centers on the genital area and resolution of the Oedipus complex occurs. |
| | A) | oral |
| | B) | anal |
| | C) | phallic |
| | D) | genital |
|
|
10 | |
Erik Erikson's theory emphasized: |
| | A) | repeated resolutions of unconscious conflicts about sexual energy. |
| | B) | success in confronting specific conflicts at particular ages in life. |
| | C) | changes in children's thinking as they mature. |
| | D) | the influence of sensitive periods in the various stages of biological maturation. |
|
|
11 | |
A major difference between psychoanalytic and cognitive theories is that cognitive theories emphasize children's: |
| | A) | unconscious thoughts. |
| | B) | conscious thoughts. |
| | C) | memories. |
| | D) | behavior. |
|
|
12 | |
Di, a ninth grader, enjoys algebra, particularly the abstract concepts of word problems, which she finds fun to solve. Clearly, Di is in which cognitive stage? |
| | A) | sensorimotor |
| | B) | preoperational |
| | C) | concrete operational |
| | D) | formal operational |
|
|
13 | |
Vygotsky claimed that cognitive skills involved all of the following, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | they can only be understood when they are developmentally analyzed and interpreted. |
| | B) | they are mediated by words, language, and forms of discourse. |
| | C) | they have their origins in social relations and are embedded in a sociocultural backdrop. |
| | D) | they are best analyzed individually, by extracting them from their context. |
|
|
14 | |
The information-processing approach to development emphasizes: |
| | A) | the quality of thinking among children of different ages. |
| | B) | manipulation, monitoring, and strategizing about information. |
| | C) | age-appropriate experiences of sexual energy. |
| | D) | overcoming certain age-related problems or crises. |
|
|
15 | |
From B.F. Skinner's point of view, behavior is explained by paying attention to: |
| | A) | consequences of that behavior. |
| | B) | the self-produced consequences of that behavior. |
| | C) | individuals' cognitive interpretations of their environmental experiences. |
| | D) | the biological processes that determine maturation. |
|
|
16 | |
Natasha, who was physically abused by her father, has recently had her two daughters removed from the home because the court determined she was abusing them. Which theory of development would most likely support this generational pattern? |
| | A) | Freudian psychoanalytic theory |
| | B) | information-processing theory |
| | C) | social cognitive theory |
| | D) | ecological theory |
|
|
17 | |
According to Bandura, reciprocally influence development. |
| | A) | personal, behavioral, and environmental factors |
| | B) | punishment, reward, and reinforcement |
| | C) | memory, problem solving, and reasoning |
| | D) | cognition, reward, and observation |
|
|
18 | |
Konrad Lorenz discovered that baby geese imprint to: |
| | A) | only their mother. |
| | B) | any adult female bird. |
| | C) | any adult bird. |
| | D) | the first moving object they see. |
|
|
19 | |
The family/school connection that is now being forged by many school systems would be part of a child's: |
| | A) | microsystem. |
| | B) | exosystem. |
| | C) | mesosystem. |
| | D) | chronosystem. |
|
|
20 | |
The term ____________ is used to describe an orientation simultaneously consisting of several different theoretical perspectives. |
| | A) | nondescript |
| | B) | eclectic |
| | C) | quasi-experimental |
| | D) | pseudoscientific |
|
|
21 | |
A criticism of laboratory research is that it: |
| | A) | is difficult to control. |
| | B) | creates too many variables for study. |
| | C) | is artificial. |
| | D) | cannot be replicated in the "real world." |
|
|
22 | |
All of the following are benefits of using standardized tests, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | they control for practice effects. |
| | B) | they can test children in different domains. |
| | C) | they allow a child's performance to be compared with other same-age children. |
| | D) | they help psychologists make decisions about how to work with an individual child. |
|
|
23 | |
Luis wanted to conduct a study that looks at the relationship between parenting style and children's self-control. This would most conveniently done using which research method? |
| | A) | correlational |
| | B) | experimental |
| | C) | survey |
| | D) | longitudinal |
|
|
24 | |
Experimental designs are superior to correlational approaches when dealing with: |
| | A) | concepts that have not been studied in any great detail (e.g., preference for crayon color among preschoolers). |
| | B) | variables that are difficult to manipulate (e.g., factors that lead to suicide). |
| | C) | variables that are unethical to manipulate (e.g., the relationship between drug use and birth defects). |
| | D) | a study in which the researcher wishes to isolate cause. |
|
|
25 | |
Maria works with 10 autistic children. She randomly assigns them to one of two groups. Each time a child in the experimental group makes direct eye contact, an M M candy is immediately put into the child's mouth. After a month, she notes that children in the experimental group make more eye contact than children in the control group. In this experiment, eye contact is the: |
| | A) | independent variable. |
| | B) | dependent variable. |
| | C) | control variable. |
| | D) | confounding variable. |
|
|
26 | |
Professor Vaughn wants to assess whether giving chocolate chip cookies to students before an exam will affect their test performance. If she is using an effective research method, students will be placed into the experimental group (get cookies) or control group (no cookies) through the process of: |
| | A) | random selection. |
| | B) | cross-sectional selection. |
| | C) | random assignment. |
| | D) | first-come/first-placed. |
|
|
27 | |
Talal is interested in children's motor abilities. Working with children ranging in age from 5 months to 5 years, he observes how they grasp drawing utensils. After a month of observation and data collection, he has completed his ______________ study. |
| | A) | longitudinal |
| | B) | sequential |
| | C) | cross-sectional |
| | D) | correlational |
|
|
28 | |
The American Psychological Association code of ethics instructs researchers: |
| | A) | on the best ways to conduct their research. |
| | B) | to protect participants from mental and physical harm. |
| | C) | on the legal aspects of research. |
| | D) | about the easiest ways to conduct research. |
|
|
29 | |
In terms of research, all of the following are issues concerning inclusion of children from ethnic minority backgrounds, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | they have been largely ignored. |
| | B) | their developmental and educational problems have been viewed as confounding variables. |
| | C) | they have been seen as an important group to include. |
| | D) | when studied, the focus has been on their problems. |
|
|
30 | |
As a wise consumer of information about children's development, Selena would: |
| | A) | rely on what is reported in the popular media. |
| | B) | assume that group research applies to individuals. |
| | C) | understand that correlational studies allow us to make causal conclusions. |
| | D) | consider the source of the information and evaluate its credibility. |
|
2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education