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Program Evaluation Program evaluation is research on programs that are proposed and implemented to achieve some effect on a group of individuals. |
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According to Rossi et al. (1999), there are types of evaluations or phases of the evaluation process. |
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The first is a assessment that evaluates whether there are problems that need to be addressed in the target population. |
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If there is such a need, then a theory evaluation is done to determine whether the proposed program is based on valid assumptions and theoretical rationale. |
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Next, when the program is underway, a evaluation is done to monitor the program and determine if the implementation of the program is working properly and an evaluation is done to assess whether the outcomes of the program are being realized. |
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Lastly, an assessment is done to weigh the costs against the benefits of the program. |
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Quasi-Experimental Designs designs emerged when from the need to conduct applied research in settings in which the control features of true experimental designs could be achieved. |
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One example of quasi-experimental design is the one-group design, called a " case study" because it is missing a control or group. |
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Another example of the quasi-experimental design is the pretest-posttest design. |
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This design, too, has major problems because it fails to take into account a number of alternative : history, , testing, decay, and regression. |
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Many of the problems associated with one-group designs can be eliminated by the use of an appropriate or comparison group. |
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One quasi-experimental design that has this feature is called the control group design. |
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However, because the two groups in this design are not , there is a problem due to possible differences. |
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A could, however, greatly improve the design. |
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When a pretest is added, the design is then called a nonequivalent control group design and the researcher has the advantage of knowing if the groups were the same on the . |
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Another alternative to such one-group designs is called an time series design. |
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This design is similar to the one-group design with all of that design’s problems of internal validity. |
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The difference is that the interrupted time series design has more than one posttest measure.
This feature allows the researcher to make comparisons between the pretest and posttests. |
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Adding a control group of some kind to this design would be an improvement.
If this is done, then the design is referred to as a series design. |
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Single Case Experimental Designs Single case experimental designs have traditionally been called designs, but now terms single and participants are used more frequently. |
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In this design, the participant’s behavior is measured over time during a control period. |
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The manipulation is then introduced during a period, and the participant’s behavior continues to be observed. |
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A change in the participant’s behavior from baseline to treatment periods is evidence for the effectiveness of the . |
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Variations to this basic design are the design and multiple designs. |
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