| personality | The sum total of the typical ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that makes each person unique.
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| traits | Relatively enduring patterns of behavior (thinking, acting, and feeling) that are relatively consistent across situations.
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| psychoanalytic theory | Freud's theory that the origin of personality lies in the balance among the id, the ego, and the superego.
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| conscious mind | That portion of the mind of which one is presently aware.
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| preconscious mind | That portion of the mind containing information that is not presently conscious but can be easily brought into consciousness.
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| unconscious mind | The part of the mind of which we can never be directly aware; the storehouse of primitive instinctual motives and of memories and emotions that have been repressed.
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| repression | Sigmund Freud's theory that unpleasant information is often pushed into unconsciousness without our being aware of it.
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| id | According to Freud, the inborn part of the unconscious mind that uses the primary process to satisfy its needs and that acts according to the pleasure principle.
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| libido | The energy of the life instincts of sex, hunger, and thirst.
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| pleasure principle | According to Freud, the attempt of the id to seek immediate pleasure and avoid pain, regardless of how harmful it might be to others.
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| primary process thinking | According to Freud, the attempt by the id to satisfy its needs by forming a wishfulfilling mental image of the desired object.
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| ego | According to Freud, that part of the mind that uses the reality principle to satisfy the id.
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| reality principle | According to Freud, the attempt by the ego to find safe, realistic ways of meeting the needs of the id.
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| superego | According to Freud, that part of the mind that opposes the desires of the id by enforcing moral restrictions and by striving to attain perfection.
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| conscience | According to Freud, the moral inhibitions of the superego.
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| ego ideal | According to Freud, the standard of perfect conduct of the superego.
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| displacement | A defense mechanism in which the individual directs aggressive or sexual feelings away from the primary object to someone or something safe.
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| sublimation | According to Freud, a form of displacement in which a socially desirable goal is substituted for a socially harmful goal; the best form of displacement for society as a whole.
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| identification | The tendency to base one's identity and actions on individuals who are successful in gaining satisfaction from life.
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| erogenous zones | A part of the body that releases sexual energy when stimulated.
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| psychosexual stages | In the personality theory of Sigmund Freud, developmental periods during which the sexual energy of the id finds different sources of satisfaction.
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| oral stage | According to Freud, the first psychosexual stage (from birth to 1 year), in which id gratification is focused on the mouth.
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| oral dependent personality | A personality type in which the person seeks pleasure through overeating, smoking, and other oral means.
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| oral aggressive personality | A personality type in which the person seeks pleasure by being verbally hostile to others.
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| anal stage | According to Freud, the second psychosexual stage (from 1 to 3 years), in which gratification is focused on the anus.
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| anal retentive | A personality type based on anal fixation, in which the person is stingy, obstinate, stubborn, and compulsive.
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| anal expulsive | A personality type based on anal fixation in which the person is cruel, pushy, messy, and disorderly.
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| phallic stage | According to Freud, the third psychosexual stage (from 3 to 6 years), in which gratification is focused on the genitals.
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| Oedipus complex | According to Freud, the unconscious wish of all male children to kill their fathers and sexually possess their mothers.
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| castration anxiety | According to Freud, the fear of a young boy that his father will punish his sexual desire for his mother by removing his genitals.
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| Electra complex | According to Freud, the transfer of a young girl's sexual desires from her mother to her father after she discovers she has no penis.
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| penis envy | According to Freud, the desire of a girl to possess a penis.
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| phallic personality | personality type caused by fixation in the phallic stage in which the person is selfish, impulsive, and lacking in genuine feeling for others.
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| latency stage | According to Freud, the fourth psychosexual stage (from about 6 to 11 years), during which sexual energy is sublimated and converted into socially valued activities.
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| genital stage | According to Freud, the psychosexual stage (from 11 years through adulthood) in which sexual and romantic interest is directed toward one's peers.
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| extraversion | According to Jung, the tendency of some individuals to be friendly and open to the world.
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| introversion | According to Jung, the tendency of some individuals to be shy and to focus their attention on themselves.
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| personal unconscious | According to Jung, the motives, conflicts, and information that are repressed by a person because they are threatening to that individual.
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| collective unconscious | According to Jung, the content of the unconscious mind with which all humans are born.
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| feelings of inferiority | According to Adler, the feelings that result from children being less powerful than adults that must be overcome during the development of the healthy personality.
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| social learning theory | The viewpoint that the most important parts of our behavior are learned from other persons in society--family, friends, and culture.
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| reciprocal determination | Bandura's observation that the individual's behavior and the social learning environment continually influence one another.
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| self-efficacy | According to Bandura, the perception of being capable of achieving one's goals.
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| self-regulation | According to Bandura, the process of cognitively reinforcing and punishing our own behavior, depending on whether it meets our personal standards.
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| situationism | The view that behavior is not consistent but is strongly influenced by different situations.
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| person × situation interactionism | The view that behavior is influenced by a combination of the characteristics of both the person and the situation.
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| humanistic theory | The psychological view that human beings possess an innate tendency to improve and to determine their lives through the decisions they make.
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| inner-directedness | A force that humanists believe all people possess that internally leads them to grow and improve.
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| subjective reality | Each person's unique perception of reality that, according to humanists, plays a key role in organizing our personalities.
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| self-concept | Our subjective perception of who we are and what we are like.
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| self | According to humanists, the person one thinks one is.
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| ideal self | According to humanists, the person one wishes one were.
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| symbolization | In Rogers' theory, the process of representing experience, thoughts, or feelings in mental symbols of which we are aware.
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| conditions of worth | The standards used by others or ourselves in judging our worth.
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| self-actualization | According to Maslow, the seldom reached full result of the inner-directed drive of humans to grow, improve, and use their potential to the fullest.
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| peak experiences | Intensely moving experiences in which the individual feels a sense of unity with the world.
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| interview | A subjective method of personality assessment that involves questioning techniques designed to reveal the personality of the client.
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| observational methods | Methods of personality assessment that involve watching a person's actual behavior in a natural or simulated situation.
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| projective test | A test that uses ambiguous stimuli designed to reveal the contents of the client's unconscious mind.
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