| consciousness | A state of awareness.
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| daydreams | Relatively focused thinking about fantasies.
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| divided consciousness | The splitting off of two conscious activities that occur simultaneously.
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| unconscious mind | Mental processes that occur without conscious awareness.
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| hypnagogic state | A relaxed state of dreamlike awareness between wakefulness and sleep.
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| myoclonia | An abrupt movement that sometimes occurs during the hypnagogic state in which the sleeper often experiences a sense of falling.
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| electroencephalogram (EEG) | A measure of electrical brain activity.
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| dreaming | Conscious awareness during sleep that primarily occurs during rapid-eyemovement (REM) sleep.
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| REM sleep | Rapid-eye-movement sleep, characterized by movement of the eyes under the lids; often accompanies dreams.
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| circadian rhythm | Internally generated cycles lasting about 24 hours a day that regulate sleepiness and wakefulness, body temperature, and the secretion of some hormones.
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| day residue | Dream content that is similar to events in the person's waking life.
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| stimulus incorporation | Stimuli that occur during sleep that are incorporated into dreams either directly or in altered form.
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| manifest content | According to Freud, the literal meaning of dreams.
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| latent content | According to Freud, the true meaning of dreams that is found in the symbols in their manifest content.
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| sleep-inhibiting system | An area of the brain stem that inhibits sleep.
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| sleep-promoting systems | Two areas of the brain stem that lead to sleep.
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| nightmares | Dreams that occur during REM sleep and whose content is exceptionally frightening, sad, angry, or in some other way uncomfortable.
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| night terrors | Upsetting nocturnal experiences that occur most often in preschool-age children during deep non-REM sleep.
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| sleepwalking | Waking and carrying on complicated activities during the deepest part of non- REM sleep.
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| sleeptalking | Talking during any phase of the sleep cycle.
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| sleep disorders | Disturbances of sleep.
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| insomnia | A disorder in which the person has diffi- culty falling asleep or staying asleep.
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| narcolepsy | A sleep disorder in which the person suddenly falls asleep during activities usually performed when fully awake, even when the person has had adequate sleep.
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| sleep apnea | The sudden interruption of breathing during sleep.
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| meditation | Several methods of focusing concentration away from thoughts and feelings and generating a sense of relaxation.
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| mantras | Words or sounds containing religious meaning that are used during meditation.
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| transcendental state | An altered state of consciousness, sometimes achieved during meditation, that is said to transcend normal human experience.
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| hypnosis | An altered state of consciousness in which the individual is highly relaxed and susceptible to suggestions.
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| depersonalization | The perceptual experience of one's body or surroundings becoming distorted or unreal.
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| astral projection | Depersonalization that includes the illusion that the mind has left the body.
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| psychotropic drugs | The various classes of drugs, including stimulants, depressants, and hallucinagens, that alter conscious experience.
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| stimulants | Drugs that increase the activity of motivational centers in the brain, providing a sense of energy and well-being.
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| amphetamines | Powerful stimulants that produce a conscious sense of increased energy and euphoria.
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| amphetamine psychosis | A prolonged reaction to the excessive use of stimulants, characterized by disordered thinking, confused and rapidly changing emotions, and intense suspiciousness.
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| depressants | Drugs that reduce the activity of the central nervous system, leading to a sense of relaxation, drowsiness, and lowered inhibitions.
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| sedatives | Depressants that in mild doses produce a state of calm relaxation.
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| narcotics | Powerful and highly addictive depressants.
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| opiates | Narcotic drugs derived from the opium poppy.
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| inhalants | Toxic substances that produce a sense of intoxication when inhaled.
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| hallucinogens | Drugs that alter perceptual experiences.
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