| encode | To represent information in some form in the memory system.
|
 |
|
|
| stage theory of memory | A model of memory based on the idea that we store information in three separate but linked memories.
|
|
|
|
| sensory register | The first stage of memory, in which an exact image of each sensory experience is held briefly until it can be processed.
|
|
|
|
| short-term memory (STM) | The second stage of memory, in which five to nine bits of information can be stored for brief periods of time.
|
|
|
|
| rehearsal | Mental repetition of information to retain it longer in short-term memory.
|
|
|
|
| chunks | Units of memory.
|
|
|
|
| long-term memory (LTM) | The third stage of memory, involving the storage of information that is kept for long periods of time.
|
|
|
|
| procedural memory | Memory for motor movements and skills.
|
|
|
|
| semantic memory | Memory for meaning without reference to the time and place of learning.
|
|
|
|
| episodic memory | Memory for specific experiences that can be defined in terms of time and space.
|
|
|
|
| declarative memory | Semantic and episodic memory.
|
|
|
|
| recall method | A measure of memory based on the ability to retrieve information from longterm memory with few cues.
|
|
|
|
| recognition method | A measure of memory based on the ability to select correct information from among the options provided.
|
|
|
|
| relearning method | A measure of memory based on the length of time it takes to relearn forgotten material.
|
|
|
|
| serial position effect | The finding that immediate recall of items listed in a fixed order is often better for items at the beginning and end of the list than for those in the middle.
|
|
|
|
| levels of processing model | An alternative to the stage theory of memory stating that the distinction between short-term and long-term memory is a matter of degree rather than different kinds of memory and is based on how incoming information is processed.
|
|
|
|
| elaboration | The process of creating associations between a new memory and existing memories.
|
|
|
|
| decay theory | The theory that forgetting occurs as the memory trace fades over time.
|
|
|
|
| interference theory | The theory that forgetting occurs because similar memories interfere with the storage or retrieval of information.
|
|
|
|
| proactive interference | Interference created by memories from prior learning.
|
|
|
|
| retroactive interference | Interference created by memories from later learning.
|
|
|
|
| reconstruction (schema) theory | The theory that information stored in LTM sometimes changes over time to become more consistent with our beliefs, knowledge, and expectations.
|
|
|
|
| false memory | Remembering an event that did not occur or that occurred in a way that was substantially different from the memory of the event.
|
|
|
|
| motivated forgetting | Forgetting that is believed to be based on the upsetting or threatening nature of the information that is forgotten.
|
|
|
|
| repression | Sigmund Freud's theory that forgetting occurs because the conscious mind often deals with unpleasant information by pushing it into unconsciousness.
|
|
|
|
| engram | The partially understood memory trace in the brain that is the biological basis of memory.
|
|
|
|
| synaptic facilitation | The process by which neural activity causes structural changes in the synapses that facilitate more efficient learning and memory.
|
|
|
|
| anterograde amnesia | Disorder of memory characterized by an inability to store and/or retrieve new information in long-term memory.
|
|
|
|
| hippocampus | The forebrain structure believed to play a key role in long-term memory.
|
|
|
|
| retrograde amnesia | A memory disorder characterized by an inability to retrieve old long-term memories, generally for a specific period of time extending back from the beginning of the disorder.
|
|
|
|
| Korsakoff's syndrome | A disorder involving both anterograde and retrograde amnesia caused by excessive use of alcohol.
|