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In middle childhood, children are able to form , broad, inclusive self concepts that integrate different aspects of the self. |
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According to Erik Erikson, the issue to be resolved in middle childhood is , with children needing to learn the productive skills their culture requires or face feelings of inferiority. |
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is the transitional stage in control of behavior in which parents and children share power. Parents exercise and children exercise self-regulation. |
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Approximately % of children in the United States are born poor, and approximately % spend part of their childhood in poverty. |
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, those in which the birth parents and the adoptive parents know each other’s identities and share information or have direct contact, tend to have more outcomes than adoptions in which the identity of the birth mother is kept secret. |
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In middle childhood, children are more apt to have conflict with siblings, and are more likely to quarrel than or than . |
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In middle childhood, children are more likely to play with other children who are sex as they are, which helps them learn behaviors and to incorporate into their self concept. |
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A negative influence that peer groups can have on children is the tendency to reinforce , or unfavorable attitudes toward members of certain groups outside one’s own, especially racial or ethnic groups. |
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The strongest friendships involve and mutual . |
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In his research on changing conceptions of friendship, Selman found that most school age children are in stage , which is , based on self-interest; most older children are in stage , relationships. |
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As children move into middle childhood, they are more likely to express aggression in terms (that is, aiming the aggression at hurting another person) than as aggression (which is aimed at achieving some objective). Further, aggression (physical force or verbal threats) lessens as aggression increases. |
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Among the common emotional disorders in middle childhood are , a pattern of behavior persisting into middle childhood marked by negativity, hostility, and defiance, which often leads to , a repetitive, persistent pattern of aggressive, antisocial behavior that violates societal norms or the rights of others. Among the anxiety disorders are , an unrealistic fear of going to school, which may be a form of , which involves excessive, prolonged anxiety concerning separation from home or from people to whom a child is attached, or , extreme fear and/or avoidance of social situations. |
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Emotional disturbances may be treated with psychotherapy, in which the child works in a one-on-one setting with a therapist, or therapy, in which the therapist sees the whole family together to analyze patterns of family functioning. |
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children are able to weather adverse circumstances, function well despite challenges or threats, and bounce back from traumatic events. The two most important protective factors that contribute to resilience and help children overcome stress are good and . |
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