Choose the alternative that best completes the stem of each question.

1		In a __________ relationship, changes in one variable produce changes in another.
			A)	causal
			B)	correlational
			C)	confounded
			D)	unidirectional
2		Higher scores on the Scholastic Achievement Test are related to higher grades in college. This is an example of a
			A)	causal relationship.
			B)	correlational relationship.
			C)	confounded relationship.
			D)	valid relationship.
3		When two variables covary,
			A)	they are causally related.
			B)	one variable confounds the effects of the other.
			C)	there is a weak causal relationship between them.
			D)	the values of those variables change together, systematically, but may not be causally related.
4		In correlational research, your main interest is to
			A)	isolate and describe causal relationships among variables.
			B)	control extraneous variables.
			C)	demonstrate the power of an independent variable.
			D)	determine whether two variables covary.
5		In correlational research,
			A)	independent variables are manipulated.
			B)	confounding variables are included intentionally.
			C)	no independent variables are manipulated.
			D)	both band c
6		Because of ____________, it is dangerous to infer causality from correlational research.
			A)	covariance
			B)	the third-variable problem
			C)	the directionality problem
			D)	both b and c
7		Dr. Jones wants to study the relationship between parental attitudes about sex and teen sexual behavior. Most likely he would choose to do correlational research because
			A)	it would not be possible to manipulate parental attitudes toward sex.
			B)	the study could not be done in the laboratory.
			C)	it would be unethical to measure sexual attitudes and behavior in an experiment.
			D)	he could include more than one variable if he chose to do so.
8		The two defining characteristics of experimental research are
			A)	measuring predictor and criterion variables.
			B)	random assignment of participants and measuring dependent variables.
			C)	manipulation of independent variables and control over extraneous variables.
			D)	random assignment of participants and control over extraneous variables.
9		In an experiment on the effects of noise on problem solving, you have some participants solve a problem while being exposed to noise, whereas other participants do the same problems while not being exposed to noise. In this example, exposing or not exposing participants to the noise constitutes a(n)
			A)	independent variable.
			B)	dependent variable.
			C)	extraneous variable.
			D)	correlational variable.
10		In an experiment, the group receiving your experimental treatment is the ________ group, whereas the group not receiving the experimental treatment is the __________ group.
			A)	control; experimental
			B)	target; control
			C)	extraneous; control
			D)	experimental; control
11		In an experiment on visual perception, you make sure that your laboratory is the same temperature and has the same level of lighting throughout the experiment. This is an example of
			A)	holding extraneous variables constant.
			B)	manipulating an independent variable.
			C)	randomly assigning participants to conditions.
			D)	ignoring extraneous variables.
12		According to the text, which of the following is the greatest strength of the experimental approach?
			A)	the ability to study relationships under naturally occurring conditions
			B)	the ability to identify and describe causal relationships
			C)	the ability to generalize results beyond the original research situation
			D)	all of the above
13		A disadvantage of the experimental approach is that
			A)	you cannot adequately control extraneous variables.
			B)	causal relationships among variables cannot be established.
			C)	your results may have limited generality.
			D)	all of the above
14		If your experimental design measures what it is intended to measure, we say that the design has a high level of
			A)	reliability.
			B)	internal validity.
			C)	ecological validity.
			D)	external validity.
15		Alternative explanations for the findings of a study that may become viable because of flaws in the design are termed
			A)	rival hypotheses.
			B)	experimental hypotheses.
			C)	theoretical possibilities.
			D)	goofs.
16		When two variables combine within a study in such a way that their effects cannot be separated, the variables are said to be
			A)	uncontrolled.
			B)	extraneous.
			C)	confounded.
			D)	confused.
17		If the results of a study cannot be immediately generalized to a real-world situation or to a larger population,
			A)	the study is worthless.
			B)	the results tell you little of importance.
			C)	they may still be of value if they indicate what can happen under given conditions or provide a test of theoretical predictions.
			D)	none of the above
18		When you conduct your experiment in a laboratory (as opposed to the field), you gain ___________ but may lose some ___________
			A)	reliability; validity
			B)	external validity; internal validity
			C)	internal validity; reliability
			D)	internal validity; external validity
19		An experimental strategy that involves attempting to re-create a real-world phenomenon in the laboratory is
			A)	role playing.
			B)	model research.
			C)	simulation.
			D)	pseudoresearch.
20		Dr. Smith conducts an experiment on jury decision making. She decorates her lab so that it looks just like a real courtroom. This shows that Dr. Smith is concerned with
			A)	experimental realism.
			B)	actual realism.
			C)	mundane realism.
			D)	none of the above
21		If you were to conduct an experiment on reactions to invasions of personal space by going to the library and sitting at various distances from your participants, you would be doing a(n)
			A)	field experiment.
			B)	simulation experiment.
			C)	observational experiment.
			D)	none of the above