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1 | |
Which psychosocial term refers to individuals' capacity to behave on their own? |
| | A) | identity |
| | B) | independence |
| | C) | rebellion |
| | D) | autonomy |
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2 | |
In which area of functioning are adolescents likely to be the least independent? |
| | A) | psychological |
| | B) | social |
| | C) | emotional |
| | D) | economic |
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3 | |
Which developmental theorist proposed that autonomy is the central issue of toddlerhood? |
| | A) | Anna Freud |
| | B) | Peter Blos |
| | C) | Lawrence Kohlberg |
| | D) | Erik Erikson |
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4 | |
According to Psychoanalytic theorists, the process by which the young adolescent achieves independence by severing emotional ties with parents is know as |
| | A) | individuation |
| | B) | self-reliance |
| | C) | detachment |
| | D) | rebellion |
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5 | |
The characterization of independence which is related to changes in the individual's close relationships, especially with parents is known as |
| | A) | emotional autonomy |
| | B) | physical autonomy |
| | C) | behavioral autonomy |
| | D) | value autonomy |
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6 | |
The characterization of independence which involves making decisions and carrying through with them is |
| | A) | emotional autonomy |
| | B) | behavioral autonomy |
| | C) | value autonomy |
| | D) | physical autonomy |
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7 | |
According to psychoanalytic thinkers such as Anna Freud, each of the following describe the process of separation detachment except |
| | A) | detachment and the accompanying storm and stress inside the family is inevitable |
| | B) | conflict between an adolescent and her parents was a sign of immaturity |
| | C) | adolescence is an inherently tumultuous time |
| | D) | adolescents' pubertal changes cause substantial disruption inside the family system |
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8 | |
Examination of Anna Freud's theories by researchers has led to the conclusion that |
| | A) | high levels of adolescent-parent tension is the norm |
| | B) | adolescents detach themselves from relationships with their parents |
| | C) | adolescents are driven out of the household by unbearable levels of family conflict |
| | D) | in contrast to Freud's predictions, most families get along well during the adolescent years |
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9 | |
Emotional autonomy during adolescence is said by critics of psychoanalytic theory to |
| | A) | involve a transformation not a breaking off of family relationships |
| | B) | include psychic and interpersonal tension that arises at puberty |
| | C) | include the severance of emotional bonds between children and parents |
| | D) | involve the replacement of familial bonds with romantic bonds outside the family |
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10 | |
The gradual, progressive sharpening of one's sense of self as autonomous, competent, and separate from one's parents is known as |
| | A) | idealization |
| | B) | dependency |
| | C) | individuation |
| | D) | transformation |
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11 | |
Which one of the following is not consistent with the process of individuation? |
| | A) | individuation involves increased family stress and turmoil |
| | B) | individuation involves the relinquishment of childish depencies on parents |
| | C) | individuation results in adolescents accepting responsibility for their choices |
| | D) | individuation involves a gradual, progressive sense of self as autonomous |
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12 | |
The process of individuation, in part, involves the realization that parents sometimes make mistakes, which is known as |
| | A) | transformation |
| | B) | detachment |
| | C) | de-idealization |
| | D) | nondependency |
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13 | |
The process of developing autonomy for adolescents whose parents have divorced differs in that the adolescent |
| | A) | typically matures more slowly than adolescents from two-parent homes |
| | B) | tends to de-idealize the parents at a later age |
| | C) | tends to delay the development of autonomy |
| | D) | tends to begin the process of individuation somewhat earlier |
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14 | |
Difficulties in the process of individuation would most likely arise when |
| | A) | parents and the adolescent agree that autonomy should be granted |
| | B) | adolescents push for independence before parents are willing to grant it |
| | C) | the process of de-idealization leaves the adolescent feeling more secure |
| | D) | the process of de-idealization leaves the adolescent feeling more liberated |
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15 | |
Autonomous adolescents tend to report that they |
| | A) | do not want to be like their parents |
| | B) | feel uncomfortable seeking advice from their parents |
| | C) | are close to their parents |
| | D) | have many conflicts with their parents |
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16 | |
Rebellion, negativism, and excessive involvement in the peer group are more common among |
| | A) | psychologically immature adolescents |
| | B) | autonomous adolescents |
| | C) | individuated adolescents |
| | D) | adolescents that have de-idealized their parents |
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17 | |
Adolescents have less difficulty individuating from parents who |
| | A) | are intrusive |
| | B) | are overprotective |
| | C) | use constraining behavior |
| | D) | use enabling behavior |
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18 | |
Psychologists have concluded that emotional autonomy develops best when the parents |
| | A) | use a lot of both enabling and constraining behavior |
| | B) | use little of both enabling and constraining behavior |
| | C) | use a lot of enabling and little of constraining behavior |
| | D) | use little enabling and a lot of constraining behavior |
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19 | |
Parents who see their child's increasing emotional independence as rebellious or disrespectful most likely use the parenting style known as |
| | A) | authoritative |
| | B) | authoritarian |
| | C) | permissive |
| | D) | indifferent |
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20 | |
The statement below that corrects a widely held misconception about adolescent development and autonomy is |
| | A) | rebellion against one's parents is done out of independence |
| | B) | the development of more autonomy from parents requires less autonomy from peers |
| | C) | rebellion against authorities, other than parents, is done out of independence |
| | D) | excessive adherence to the pressures of one's friends is no more autonomous than is excessive adherence to the pressures of one's parents |
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21 | |
Adolescents are more likely to conform to their peers' opinions regarding which of the following? |
| | A) | choices among leisure activities |
| | B) | educational plans |
| | C) | religious beliefs |
| | D) | occupational plans |
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22 | |
Adolescents are more likely to be influenced by their parents' opinions regarding which of the following? |
| | A) | choices among leisure activities |
| | B) | styles of dress |
| | C) | tastes in music |
| | D) | occupational plans |
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23 | |
Susceptibility to peer pressure has been found to peak around the age of |
| | A) | 12 |
| | B) | 14 |
| | C) | 16 |
| | D) | 18 |
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24 | |
The case of the Central Park Jogger mugging in which it was subsequently discovered that the juveniles accused of the crime gave false confessions to police is known as |
| | A) | individuation |
| | B) | de-idealization |
| | C) | false responsibility-taking |
| | D) | enabling behavior |
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25 | |
The heightened susceptibility to peer pressure of individuals around the age of 14 is most often seen when the behavior in question is |
| | A) | prosocial behavior |
| | B) | antisocial behavior |
| | C) | enabling behavior |
| | D) | constraining behavior |
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26 | |
Susceptibility to peer pressure has been shown to |
| | A) | decrease throughout the course of adolescence. |
| | B) | increase throughout the course of adolescence. |
| | C) | increase until middle adolescence and then decreases. |
| | D) | be difficult to measure and has never been successfully graphed. |
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27 | |
The most important contemporary proponent of the ecology of human development is |
| | A) | Urie Bronfenbrenner |
| | B) | Laurence Steinberg |
| | C) | Erik Erikson |
| | D) | Anna Freud |
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28 | |
According to proponents of the perspective called the ecology of human development, the broader context of culture and historical time in which an adolescent lives is known as |
| | A) | micro-system |
| | B) | meso-system |
| | C) | exo-system |
| | D) | macro-system |
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29 | |
According to Fuligni and Eccles, adolescents who are less peer oriented than other adolescents are most likely to have been raised by what parenting style? |
| | A) | authoritarian |
| | B) | authoritative |
| | C) | indifferent |
| | D) | indulgent |
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30 | |
Changes in the adolescent's conceptions of moral, political, ideological, and religious issues involves the development of |
| | A) | emotional autonomy |
| | B) | physical autonomy |
| | C) | behavioral autonomy |
| | D) | value autonomy |
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31 | |
There is some evidence that the development of occurs later |
| | A) | emotional autonomy |
| | B) | physical autonomy |
| | C) | behavioral autonomy |
| | D) | value autonomy |
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32 | |
The type of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory that is oriented toward the consequences that follow behavior is called |
| | A) | preconventional reasoning. |
| | B) | conventional reasoning. |
| | C) | postconventional reasoning. |
| | D) | prosocial reasoning. |
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33 | |
Research has found that the most rare form of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's framework, in which society's rules and conventions are seen as relative and subjective rather than as absolute and definitive is known as |
| | A) | preconventional reasoning. |
| | B) | conventional reasoning. |
| | C) | postconventional reasoning. |
| | D) | prosocial reasoning. |
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34 | |
The moral perspective advocated by Carol Gilligan that involves attention to others and responsiveness to human need is known as the |
| | A) | justice orientation |
| | B) | law and order orientation |
| | C) | prosocial orientation |
| | D) | care orientation |
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