| acculturative stress | The negative consequences that result from contact between two distinctive cultural groups. p. 610
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| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) | Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a sexually transmitted disease that destroys the body's immune system. p. 638
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| approach/approach conflict | A conflict in which the individual must choose between two attractive stimuli or circumstances. p. 698
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| approach/avoidance conflict | A conflict involving a single stimulus or circumstance that has both positive and negative characteristics. p. 608
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| avoidance/avoidance conflict | A conflict in which the individual must choose between two unattractive stimuli or circumstances. p. 608
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| behavioral medicine | An interdisciplinary field that focuses on developing and integrating behavioral and biomedical knowledge to promote health and reduce illness. p. 603
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| biofeedback | The process in which individuals' muscular or visceral activities are monitored by instruments. The information from the instruments is fed back to the individuals so that they can learn to voluntarily control their physiological activities. p. 630
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| burnout | A feeling of overload, including mental and physical exhaustion, that usually results from a gradual accumulation of everyday stresses. p. 609
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| cognitive appraisal | Lazarus' term for individuals' interpretation of events in their lives as threatening, harmful, or challenging and their determination of whether they have the resources to effectively cope with the events. p. 615
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| coping | Managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life's problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress. p. 621
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| emotion-focused coping | Lazarus' term for responding to stress in an emotional manner, especially using defensive appraisal. p. 622
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| general adaptation syndrome (GAS) | Selye's term for the common effects on the body when demands are placed on it. The GAS consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. p. 612
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| hardiness | A personality style characterized by a sense of commitment (rather than alienation), control (rather than powerlessness), and a perception of problems as challenges (rather than threats). p. 605
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| health psychology | Emphasizes psychology's role in promoting and maintaining health and in preventing and treating illness. p. 603
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| meditation | The practice and system of thought that incorporates exercises to attain bodily or mental control and well-being, as well as enlightenment. p. 629
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| problem-focused coping | Lazarus' term for the cognitive strategy of squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them. p. 622
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| psychoneuroimmunology | The field that explores connections among psychological factors (such as attitudes and emotions), the nervous system, and the immune system. p. 616
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| self-efficacy | The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes. p. 488
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| sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) | Diseases that are contracted primarily through sex--intercourse as well as oral-genital and anal-genital sex. p. 638
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| social support | Information and feedback from others that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and included in a network of communication and mutual obligation. p. 625
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| stress | The response of individuals to stressors, the circumstances and events that threaten and tax their coping abilities. p. 604
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| stress management programs | Teach individuals to appraise stressful events, to develop skills for coping with stress, and to put these skills into use in their everyday lives. p. 629
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| transcendental meditation (TM) | The most popular form of meditation in the United States, derived from an ancient Indian technique; involves using a mantra. p. 629
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| Type A behavior pattern | A cluster of characteristics--being excessively competitive, hard-driven, and hostile--thought to be related to the incidence of heart disease. p. 605
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| Type B behavior pattern | A relaxed and easygoing personality. p. 605
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