| acquisition (in classical conditioning) | The initial learning of the stimulus-response link, which involves a neutral stimulus being associated with a UCS and becoming a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits the CR. p. 272
|
 |
|
|
| applied behavior analysis (behavior modification) | The application of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior. p. 288
|
|
|
|
| associative learning | In which a connection is made between two events. p. 269
|
|
|
|
| classical conditioning | Learning by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. p. 270
|
|
|
|
| conditioned response (CR) | The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after the CS-UCS pairing. p. 271
|
|
|
|
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the conditioned response after being associated with the unconditioned stimulus. p. 271
|
|
|
|
| counterconditioning | A classical conditioning procedure for weakening a CR by associating the fear-provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with the fear. p. 274
|
|
|
|
| discrimination (in classical conditioning) | The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not to others. p. 272
|
|
|
|
| discrimination (in operant conditioning) | The tendency to only respond to stimuli that signal whether a behavior will or will not be reinforced. p. 284
|
|
|
|
| extinction (in classical conditioning) | The weakening of the conditioned response in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus. p. 272
|
|
|
|
| extinction (in operant conditioning) | A previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced, and there is a decreased tendency to perform the behavior. p. 284
|
|
|
|
| generalization (in classical conditioning) | The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response. p. 272
|
|
|
|
| generalization (in operant conditioning) | Giving the same response to similar stimuli. p. 283
|
|
|
|
| insight learning | A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight or understanding of the problem's solution. p. 295
|
|
|
|
| instinctive drift | The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning. p. 296
|
|
|
|
| latent learning | Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior. p. 295
|
|
|
|
| law of effect | Thorndike's concept that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, whereas behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened. p. 277
|
|
|
|
| learning | A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience. p. 268
|
|
|
|
| negative punishment | A behavior decreases when a positive stimulusis removed from it. p. 284
|
|
|
|
| negative reinforcement | The frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus. p. 281
|
|
|
|
| observational learning | Also called imitation or modeling; learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. p. 268
|
|
|
|
| operant conditioning | Also called instrumental conditioning; a form of learning in which the consequences of behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence. p. 277
|
|
|
|
| positive punishment | A behavior decreases when it is followed by an unpleasant stimulus. p. 284
|
|
|
|
| positive reinforcement | The frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a rewarding stimulus. p. 281
|
|
|
|
| preparedness | The species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways. p. 297
|
|
|
|
| primary reinforcement | The use of reinforcers that are innately satisfying. p. 281
|
|
|
|
| punishment | A consequence that decreases the likelihood a behavior will occur. p. 284
|
|
|
|
| reinforcement | The process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of an event that it follows. p. 280
|
|
|
|
| schedules of reinforcement | "Timetables" that determine when a behavior will be reinforced. p. 282
|
|
|
|
| secondary reinforcement | Acquires its positive value through experience. p. 281
|
|
|
|
| shaping | The process of rewarding approximations of desired behavior. p. 279
|
|
|
|
| spontaneous recovery | The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay without further conditioning. p. 272
|
|
|
|
| unconditioned response (UCR) | An unlearned response that is automatically elicited by the UCS. p. 271
|
|
|
|
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning. p. 271
|