| adjudication | In juvenile proceedings, the court's decision or judgment.
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| adjudication hearing | The stage in juvenile court proceedings in which a judge presides on behalf of the child to determine if he or she actually committed the alleged offense.
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| adjudication inquiry | The stage in juvenile court proceedings in which a judge determines whether the facts of the case warrant a formal hearing by the court.
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| Breed v. Jones | The Supreme Court ruling that extended the Fifth Amendment protection against double jeopardy to juveniles.
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| delinquency | Criminal law violations that would be considered crimes if committed by an adult.
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| delinquent | A juvenile offender who has been adjudicated by an officer of a juvenile court.
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| detention hearing | The stage in juvenile court proceedings in which it is determined whether a child is to be released to a parent or guardian or retained in custody.
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| disposition hearing | The stage in juvenile court proceedings in which the judge exercises his or her discretionary authority to choose among a variety of alternatives for resolving a case.
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| Illinois Juvenile Court Act | Legislation that established the first statewide juvenile court system in the United States.
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| in loco parentis | A position in reference to a child of that of lawful guardian or parent.
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| In re Gault | The Supreme Court ruling that extended some—but not all—due process privileges to juvenile court proceedings.
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| In re Winship | The Supreme Court ruling that required proof "beyond a reasonable doubt" for an adjudication of delinquency.
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| intake hearing | An early stage in juvenile court proceedings in which a court officer makes a legal judgment of the probable cause of the petition.
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| Kent v. United States | The Supreme Court ruling that the waiver of jurisdiction is a critically important stage in juvenile proceedings and must be attended by minimum requirements of due process and fair treatment.
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| McKeiver v. Pennsylvania | The Supreme Court ruling that due process does not require a jury in juvenile court hearings.
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| New Jersey v. T.L.O. | The Supreme Court ruling that school officials, with reasonable grounds to believe that the law or school rules are being violated, may conduct reasonable searches if needed to maintain safety, order, and discipline in a school.
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| parens patriae | A philosophy under which the state takes over the role of parent.
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| petition | In juvenile proceedings, a document alleging that a youth is a delinquent, a status offender, or a dependent child and asking that the court assume jurisdiction over the juvenile.
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| Roper v. Simmons | The 2005 Supreme Court decision holding that the imposition of the death penalty on offenders who were under the age of 18 when their crimes were committed violates the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. The decision overturned Stanford v. Kentucky, in which the Court had upheld statutes setting the minimum age for capital punishment at 16.
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| Schall v. Martin | The Supreme Court ruling that preventive detention is permissible for accused juvenile delinquents when there is evidence that the youth presents a serious risk of committing a crime before adjudication of the case.
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| status offenders | Youths who, because of their special status as children, can be brought to the attention of the juvenile courts for certain kinds of noncriminal behavior.
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| status offense | An act declared by statute to be a crime because it violates the standards of behavior expected of children.
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| waiver of jurisdiction | The process by which the juvenile court relinquishes its jurisdiction over a child and transfers the case to a court of criminal jurisdiction for prosecution as an adult.
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