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  1. The Nature of Juvenile Justice
    1. Who is an adult? Who is a juvenile?
      1. the "magic number"
      2. the "special status" of juveniles
      3. the philosophy of protecting and correcting children
    2. The juvenile and the juvenile court
      1. violation of the criminal law
      2. status offense
      3. victim of abuse or neglect
    3. Purpose of juvenile sanctions
      1. sentencing philosophies in criminal (adult) court
      2. juvenile court, "in the best interests of the child"
    4. The emergence of juvenile justice
      1. the treatment of juveniles in colonial America
      2. the house of refuge
    5. Parens patriae
      1. shifting explanations of criminal behavior
      2. parens patriae, the state as the parent
      3. crime as a symptom; treating the underlying problem
      4. the "child savers" and the Illinois Juvenile Court Act
    6. Modern juvenile courts
      1. some 3000 juvenile courts in the U.S.
      2. jurisdiction and procedures vary
      3. delinquency
      4. delinquent
      5. adjudication


  2. The Processing of Juvenile Offenders
    1. Police discretion
      1. informal adjustment
      2. taking a juvenile into custody (arrest)
      3. factors influencing discretion
    2. Petition and intake
      1. petition alleges that the juvenile is a delinquent
      2. intake hearing, a preliminary examination of the facts of the case
      3. the role of the intake officer, alternatives
    3. Detention and bail
      1. detention hearing, release to parent or retain in custody?
      2. objectives of temporary detention
      3. monetary bail is generally not used in juvenile cases
    4. Adjudication and disposition
      1. adjudication inquiry, do the facts and circumstances warrant a formal hearing?
      2. adjudication hearing
        1. civil proceeding
        2. judge presides on behalf of the child
        3. determination of whether the juvenile committed the alleged offenses
      3. disposition hearing
        1. the judge decides how to settle the case
        2. alternative dispositions


  3. Juveniles and the Constitution
    1. Juvenile court process as a civil, not criminal process
    2. Kent v. United States (1966)
    3. Due process and juvenile proceedings
      1. In re Gault (1967)
      2. In re Winship (1970)
      3. Breed v. Jones (1975)
      4. McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
    4. Police encounters and juvenile rights
      1. The Uniform Juvenile Court Act
      2. in loco parentis
      3. juveniles and the Fourth Amendment
      4. New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985)


  4. Critical Issues in Juvenile Justice
    1. Juvenile justice as an imperfect system
    2. Status offenders
      1. PINS, MINS, CHINS, CINS, JINS, YINS
      2. the movement to decriminalize status offenses
      3. efforts to repeal status offender jurisdiction
      4. The Juvenile Justice and Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Act (1974)
    3. Juveniles in the adult courts
      1. waiver of jurisdiction, transfer of a case from juvenile to criminal court
      2. disagreement among the states
      3. Kent v. United States (1966), requirement for a waiver hearing with basic due process
      4. protection of the community versus appropriate treatment for the delinquent
    4. Juveniles on death row
      1. Stanford v. Kentucky (1989)
      2. Roper v. Simmons (2005)
    5. Juvenile detention
      1. Schall v. Martin (1984), preventive detention of juveniles permissible in some cases
      2. dangers to juveniles in detention
    6. Juvenile corrections
      1. community-based treatment; diversion
      2. probation, the primary form of community treatment in the juvenile system
      3. correctional institutions


  5. Is "Child Saving" Dead?

  6. Summary





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