| adversary system | A system of justice in which the innocence of the accused is presumed and the burden of proof is placed on the court.
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| arrest | The action of taking a person into custody for the purpose of charging him or her with a crime.
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| Barron v. Baltimore | The Supreme Court ruling that the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution to protect citizens only against the action of the federal, not state or local, government.
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| Bill of Rights | The first 10 amendments to the Constitution of the United States, which restrict government actions.
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| booking | The police administrative procedures for officially recording an arrest.
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| Buck v. Bell | The Supreme Court ruling that Virginia did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's due process guarantee when it sterilized, without her consent, a mentally defective mother.
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| criminal justice process | The agencies and procedures set up to manage both crime and the persons accused of violating the criminal law.
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| due process of law | A concept that asserts fundamental principles of justice and implies the administration of laws that do not violate the sacredness of private rights.
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| Gitlow v. New York | The Supreme Court ruling that the First Amendment prohibition against government abridgment of the freedom of speech applies to state and local governments as well as to the federal government.
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| Griswold v. Connecticut | The Supreme Court ruling that a right of personal privacy is implicit in the Constitution.
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| inquiry system | A system of justice in which all participants in a proceeding are obliged to cooperate with the court in its inquiry into the crime.
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| inquisitorial system | A system of justice in which the accused is considered guilty until he or she is proved innocent.
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| Lawrence v. Texas | The Supreme Court ruling that the Texas statute making it a crime for two persons of the same sex to engage in certain intimate sexual acts violated the due process clause of the Constitution.
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| procedural due process | Due process protection whereby certain procedures are required before the life, liberty, or property of a person may be taken by the government.
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| rape shield statutes | Laws that protect alleged rape victims from questioning about evidence of past sexual experiences that are not relevant to the case and that might be prejudicial.
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| substantive due process | Due process protection against unreasonable, arbitrary, or capricious laws or acts.
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| USA Patriot Act | A federal administrative law passed by Congress in the wake of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks to better enable law enforcement officials to track and punish those responsible for terrorism and to protect U.S. citizens and property against further attacks.
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| void-for-vagueness doctrine | The rule that criminal laws that are unclear or uncertain as to what or to whom they apply violate due process.
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