After studying this chapter, students should understand and be able to discuss the following:
The leading characteristics of the High Renaissance and early mannerism and how to distinguish between the two cultural and artistic styles
The prominent role played by classicism in the High Renaissance and early mannerism
How the High Renaissance and early mannerism reflected their historic settings
The determining role played by events of the 1520s in shaping the mannerist outlook
The sources of the Hapsburg-Valois wars
The dominant control exercised by France and Spain over international affairs in this period
The pivotal part played by the popes in the High Renaissance
That Venice, of all Italy's states, remained free of foreign control or influence after 1530
That a commercial revolution shifted economic power from the Mediterranean to Europe's North Atlantic coast in this period
The achievements of Machiavelli and Castiglione in literature
The major contributions in painting of Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael, Giorgione, Titian, and Parmigianino
The development of Venetian art
The major achievements in architecture of Michelangelo and Palladio
The characteristics of the High Renaissance musical style and the achievements of its leading composers, Josquin des Prez and Adrian Willaert
The historic "firsts" of the High Renaissance and early mannerism that became part of the Western tradition: the golden age of European painting, sculpture, and architecture; the beginning of modern political thought; the origins of the modern secular state; the birth of etiquette for ladies and gentlemen; and the rise of the belief that free expression is both a social and a private good
The role of the High Renaissance and early mannerism in transmitting the heritage of the past: reviving and updating classical ideals in the High Renaissance arts and humanities; pushing classical principles in new and unorthodox directions while continuing to copy classical forms in early mannerism; and persisting in the trend to secularism that had begun in the Late Middle Ages
