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  1. Period of Genius
    1. Key writers and artists
    2. The High Renaissance
      1. Characteristics
      2. Centered in Rome
    3. Early mannerism
      1. Antihumanistic vision
      2. Characteristics

  2. The Rise of the Modern Sovereign State
    1. Emergence of unified, stable kingdoms
      1. The balance-of-power principle
      2. Overview of France's and Spain's involvement in international affairs
          3. a) Characteristics of a typical sovereign state
          b) The decline of the feudal nobility
          c) French and Spanish wars
    2. The struggle for Italy, 1494–1529
      1. Charles VIII's determining role
      2. Louis XII's and Francis I's continued aggression
      3. Charles V and the first Hapsburg-Valois war
      4. The independence of Venice
    3. Charles V and the Hapsburg Empire
      1. Hapsburg-Valois struggles, 1530–1559
      2. Charles V, a ruler of paradox and irony
      3. The lands of Charles V
      4. The abdication of Charles V and the division of the Hapsburg inheritance
          5. a) Ferdinand and the German-Austrian Hapsburg territories
          b) Philip and the Spanish-Hapsburg territories

  3. Economic Expansion and Social Developments
    1. Demographics, prosperity, and the beginning of a global world
      1. Period of increasing prosperity
          2. a) Recovery from plague years
          b) Commercial shift from Mediterranean to the Atlantic coast
      2. Population growth
      3. Prosperity and attendant problems
          4. a) Price inflation benefits the middle class: merchants and bankers make money and provide jobs
          b) Inflation and agricultural stagnation hurts some regions
      4. Delayed impact of new raw materials from the New World
      5. Introduction of slavery to Europe's colonies in the New World
    2. Technology
      1. Technological advances stimulate economic and social progress
      2. New sailing technology fuels the Age of Exploration
      3. Improved firearms revolutionize warfare and alter the political balance of power in Europe
    3. Science and medicine
      1. Leonardo da Vinci's anatomical studies break new ground
      2. Italian medical schools lead the way in Europe
      3. Civic humanism inspires Italian civic administrators to pursue comprehensive city health policies

  4. From High Renaissance to Early Mannerism
    1. Definition of High Renaissance style
      1. Inspired by ancient classicism
          2. a) Humanistic
          b) Secular
          c) Idealistic
      2. Relationship to early Renaissance style
      3. Central role of Rome and the popes
    2. Definition of mannerism
      1. Inspired by the religious crisis and the sack of Rome, 1527
      2. Reaction against classical ideals
          3. a) Antihumanistic
          b) Odd perspectives in painting
          c) Twisted figures placed in bizarre poses in sculpture
          d) Architecture that tries to surprise
          e) Negative view of human nature
    3. Literature
      1. High Renaissance
          2. a) Guided by the classical virtue of humanitas
          b) Undergirded by the belief that human nature is inherently rational and good
          c) Michelangelo's poetry
          d) Castiglione's Book of the Courtier
            (1) Castiglione and the court of Urbino
            (2) Revival of the Platonist dialogue
            (3) The ideal gentleman
            (4) The ideal lady
      2. Mannerism
          3. a) Reflects anti-classical spirit
          b) Typified by Machiavelli's pessimistic view of human nature in The Prince
            (1) Machiavelli and the republic of Florence
            (2) Negative view of human nature
            (3) A treatise on "how to govern"
    4. Painting
      1. Primary art form of the age
      2. Leonardo da Vinci
          3. a) The Last Supper
            (1) Description
            (2) Characteristics
          b) Mona Lisa
            (1) Description
            (2) Characteristics
      3. Michelangelo
          4. a) His aesthetic creed
          b) The Sistine Chapel ceiling frescoes: High Renaissance
            (1) Description
            (2) Characteristics
          c) The Last Judgment fresco: early mannerist
            (1) Description
            (2) Characteristics
      4. Raphael
          5. a) His aesthetic creed
          b) School of Athens
            (1) Description
            (2) Characteristics
          c) Sistine Madonna
            (1) Description
            (2) Characteristics
      5. The Venetian School: Giorgione and Titian
          6. a) The Venetian tradition and development
          b) The Tempest
            (1) Description
            (2) Characteristics
          c) Martyrdom of St. Lawrence
            (1) Description
            (2) Characteristics
      6. The School of Parma: Parmigianino
          7. a) His aesthetic ideal
          b) Madonna with the Long Neck
            (1) Description
            (2) Characteristics
    5. Sculpture
      1. Introduction: Michelangelo
      2. Pietà, 1498–1499, High Renaissance
          3. a) Description
          b) Characteristics
      3. David, High Renaissance
          4. a) Description
          b) Characteristics
      4. Pietà, before 1555, Early Mannerist
          5. a) Description
          b) Characteristics
    6. Architecture
      1. Bramante
          2. a) His aesthetic code
          b) The Tempietto, High Renaissance
            (1) Description
            (2) Characteristics
      2. Michelangelo
          3. a) His aesthetic code
          b) St. Peter's Basilica, High Renaissance
            (1) Description
            (2) Characteristics
      3. Andrea di Pietro, called Palladio
          4. a) His aesthetic code
          b) The Villa Capra, or the Villa Rotonda—early mannerist
            (1) Description
            (2) Characteristics
    7. Music
      1. Josquin des Prez and the High Renaissance musical style
      2. Adrian Willaert
      3. The invention of families of instruments called consorts

  5. The Legacy of the High Renaissance and Early Mannerism






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